Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
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K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Un élément est une substance pure qui ne contient qu'un seul type d'atome. Actuellement, 118 éléments ont été découverts, soit dans la nature, soit synthétisés en laboratoire. Éléments varient considérablement dans leur abondance.Les éléments les plus abondants dans la croûte terrestre sont l'oxygène, le silicium, l'aluminium, le fer et le calcium. En comparaison, l'atmosphère terrestre est principalement composée d'azote et d'oxygène. Sur le tableau périodique, chaque carré contient, au minimum, un numéro atomique et la un symbole chimique.Un symbole chimique est une abréviation d'une ou deux lettres donnée à un élément. La première lettre est en majuscules et la seconde, si nécessaire, en minuscules pour éviter toute confusion avec des composants contenant deux éléments. Souvent, ce symbole est la ou les premières lettres du nom anglais de l'élément.Cependant, certains symboles proviennent de racines grecques, latines ou allemandes. Des détails supplémentaires peuvent être ajoutés à un symbole chimique. Le numéro atomique, qui est aussi le nombre de protons, est noté dans la position d'indice gauche.Ce nombre est toujours le même pour un élément donné et est parfois omis, car il ne change pas. Le nombre de masse le nombre de protons plus neutrons est indiqué dans la position en exposant gauche. Ce nombre définit l'isotope d'un élément, tel que le carbone-12, carbone-13.Un isotope est une variation d'un élément lorsque le nombre de neutrons dans le noyau varie, mais le nombre de protons en outre le numéro atomique est le même. Il en résulte des masses atomiques différentes, mais n'affecte pas la charge de l'atome. Par exemple, l'hydrogène élémentaire à trois isotopes naturels:la forme la plus abondante ne contient pas de neutrons;le second est le deutérium, contenant un neutron;et le troisième est le tritium, qui contient deux neutrons.Alors que l'atome d'hydrogène standard et le deutérium sont stables dans des conditions naturelles, d'autres isotopes, tels que le tritium, se décomposent en d'autres substances par l'émission d'énergie. Ils sont connus comme des isotopes radioactifs.

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal et Mark A. Benvenuto. « Élément 118 : Enseigner un nouvel élément aux nouveaux étudiants ». Dans Éléments anciens et nouveaux : découvertes, développements, défis et implications environnementales, pp. 195-201. Société chimique américaine, 2017.</li>
	<li>Krebs, Robert E. L'histoire et l'utilisation des éléments chimiques de notre terre : un guide de référence. Groupe d’édition Greenwood, 2006.</li>
	<li>Clayton, Donald. Manuel des isotopes dans le cosmos : de l’hydrogène au gallium. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2003.</li>
</ol>

Éléments : symboles chimiques et isotopes

Un symbole chimique est une abréviation utilisée pour indiquer un élément ou un atome d'un élément. Par exemple, le symbole du mercure est Hg. Le même symbole est utilisé pour indiquer un atome de mercure (domaine microscopique) ou pour étiqueter un récipient contenant de nombreux atomes de l'élément mercure (domaine macroscopique). 
 
 Certains symboles sont dérivés du nom anglais courant de l'élément ; d'autres sont des abréviations du nom dans une autre langue — le latin, le grec ou l'allemand. Par exemple, le symbole de l'aluminium (nom courant) est Al, alors que celui du fer est Fe, qui provient de son nom latin “ ferrum ”. La plupart des symboles ont une ou deux lettres, mais des symboles à trois lettres ont été utilisés pour décrire certains éléments dont les numéros atomiques sont supérieurs à 112. Pour éviter toute confusion avec d'autres notations, seule la première lettre d'un symbole est en majuscule. Par exemple, Co est le symbole de l'élément cobalt, mais CO est l'écriture du composé monoxyde de carbone, qui contient des atomes des éléments carbone (C) et oxygène (O). 
 
 Traditionnellement, celui (ou celle) qui découvre un nouvel élément nomme l'élément. Toutefois, jusqu'à ce que le nom soit reconnu par l'Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée (UICPA), le nom recommandé du nouvel élément est basé sur le(s) mot(s) latin(s) de son numéro atomique. Par exemple, l'élément 106 a été appelé unnilhexium (Unh), l'élément 107 a été appelé unnilseptium (Uns) et l'élément 108 a été appelé unniloctium (Uno) pendant plusieurs années. Ces éléments sont maintenant nommés d'après des scientifiques (ou parfois des endroits) ; par exemple, l'élément 106 est maintenant connu sous le nom de seaborgium (Sg) en l'honneur de Glenn Seaborg, un lauréat du prix Nobel qui a activement participé à la découverte de plusieurs éléments lourds.  
 
 Chaque carré du tableau périodique contient, au minimum, un numéro atomique — qui est aussi le nombre de protons — et un symbole chimique.  
 
 Dans le cas d'un isotope, le nombre de masse ou la somme des protons et des neutrons est indiqué avec le symbole et le numéro atomique. Le nombre de masse définit l'isotope spécifique d'un élément. Par exemple, ceux-là sont les deux isotopes de l'azote : 
 
 <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;" />
 
 Le symbole d'un isotope spécifique d'un élément est écrit en plaçant le nombre de masse en exposant à gauche du symbole de l'élément. Puisque le numéro atomique définit l’identité de l’élément, comme le fait son symbole, il est souvent omis. Par exemple, le magnésium est un mélange de trois isotopes, chacun ayant un numéro atomique de 12 et un nombre de masse respectif de 24, 25 et 26. Ces isotopes peuvent être identifiés comme étant 24Mg, 25Mg et 26Mg. Ces symboles d'isotopes sont lus comme “ élément, nombre de masse “, et ils peuvent être représentés par des symboles en accord avec cette lecture. Par exemple,24Mg est lu comme “ magnésium 24 “ et peut être écrit comme “ magnésium 24 “ ou “ Mg-24 “. 25Mg est lu comme “ magnésium 25 “ et peut être écrit comme “ magnésium 25 “ ou “ Mg-25 “. Tous les atomes de magnésium ont 12 protons dans leur noyau. Ils diffèrent seulement parce qu'un atome de 24Mg a 12 neutrons dans son noyau, un atome de 25Mg a 13 neutrons et un atome de 26Mg a 14 neutrons. 
 
 Il faut noter qu'en plus des noms et des symboles standard, les isotopes de l'hydrogène sont souvent mentionnés à l'aide de noms courants et des symboles qui les accompagnent. L'hydrogène 2, symbolisé 2H, est également appelé deutérium, et il est parfois symbolisé D. L'hydrogène 3, symbolisé 3H, est également appelé tritium et parfois symbolisé T. 
 
 Texte adapté d' <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Section 2.3 : Structure atomique et symbolisme.</a>

Un symbole chimique est une abréviation utilisée pour indiquer un élément ou un atome d’un élément. Par exemple, le symbole du mercure est Hg. Le même symbole est...

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

reading-element-symbols-and-isotope-notation

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elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

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Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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