Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Les groupes fonctionnels sont des atomes ou des groupes d’atomes au sein d’un composé organique qui confèrent des propriétés chimiques distinctives. 
L’un des groupes fonctionnels importants en chimie organique est le groupe fonctionnel carbonyle, composé d’un atome de carbone doublement lié à l’oxygène.
Deux composés organiques à base de carbonyle étroitement liés sont les aldéhydes et les cétones. Dans les aldéhydes, le carbone carbonyle est lié à un groupe alkyle et à un atome d’hydrogène. L’exception est le formaldéhyde, dans lequel le carbone carbonyle est lié à deux hydrogènes.
Pendant ce temps, dans les cétones, l’atome de carbone carbonyle est lié à deux autres atomes de carbone à l’intérieur d’un squelette d’hydrocarbure.
Le groupe carbonyle fait partie de nombreux groupes fonctionnels plus grands, tels que le groupe carboxyle des acides carboxyliques, qui est composé d’un groupe hydroxyle lié au carbone carbonyle.
Les dérivés fonctionnels des acides carboxyliques comprennent les esters, dans lesquels l’hydrogène du groupe carboxyle est remplacé par un groupe alkyle, les amides, dans lesquels l’OH du groupe carboxyle est remplacé par une amine, et les chlorures d’acyle, dans lesquels l’OH est remplacé par un chlorure.
Les liaisons multiples sont une caractéristique d’autres groupes fonctionnels, tels que le groupe fonctionnel nitrile ou cyano, avec un atome de carbone triplement lié à l’azote.
Le benzène est un hydrocarbure aromatique qui est souvent représenté par six atomes de carbone dans un cycle avec une alternance de liaisons simples et doubles. Le benzène moins un hydrogène sert de phényle, un groupe fonctionnel. Un groupe hydroxyle attaché au cycle aromatique à base de phényle forme un phénol.
Une amine est un groupe fonctionnel non carboné défini par un atome d’azote électronégatif avec un doublet non liant d’électrons lié individuellement dans un cadre hydrocarboné. Ils sont classés en primaires, secondaires et tertiaires, en fonction du nombre d’atomes de carbone liés à l’azote.
De même, un groupe fonctionnel phosphate a un atome de phosphore lié de manière covalente à quatre atomes d’oxygène. Jusqu’à trois chaînes d’hydrocarbures peuvent être attachées aux atomes d’oxygène liés individuellement au phosphore pour obtenir des organophosphorés.

présentation

Les groupes fonctionnels sont des groupes d'atomes dotés de propriétés chimiques spécifiques qui se produisent dans les molécules organiques et sont parfois désignés par « R ». Les groupes fonctionnels peuvent « fonctionnaliser » un composé en lui permettant d’adopter différentes propriétés physiques et chimiques.

<h4>Types de groupes fonctionnels avancés</h4>

Le tableau ci-dessous résume certains des principaux groupes fonctionnels de la chimie organique.

<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Classe de composés organiques</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Structures squelettiques de composés avec groupes fonctionnels en rouge</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Noms des composés</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Hydrocarbure aromatique</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Benzène</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phénol</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phénol (Hydroxybenzène))</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aldéhyde</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Éthanal (acétaldéhyde)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Cétone</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acétone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Chlorure d'acide ou d'acyle</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Chlorure d'acétyle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acide carboxylique</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acide éthanoïque (acide acétique)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ester</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acétate d'éthyle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amine</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Éthylamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amide</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acétamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nitriles</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acétonitrile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phosphate</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phosphate de dihydrogène de méthyle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Ce texte est adapté de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>

Présentation


Les groupes fonctionnels sont des groupes d’atomes avec des propriétés chimiques spécifiques qui se produisent dans les molécules organiques et sont parfois notés « R ». ...

Education

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advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

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Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

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Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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