Name: how cells build proteins from mrna
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Translation

Translation is the process by which a protein is made using a messenger RNA template.The process begins when the small ribosomal subunit, along with a methionine tRNA and initiation factors, binds to the five-prime end of the mRNA.The complex moves along the mRNA in the five-prime to three-prime direction until it reaches an AUG start codon, which codes for methionine, the first amino acid.The methionine tRNA pairs with the AUG codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins to form a complete ribosome.Protein synthesis starts when a tRNA carrying an amino acid pairs with the next codon on the mRNA using its anticodon, which is complementary to the codon.This positioning brings methionine close to the new amino acid, allowing a peptide bond to form between them.The ribosome then moves to the next codon on the mRNA. This movement, called translocation, continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.Stop codons do not match the anticodon of any tRNA.During termination, release factors bind to the stop codon. This action releases the completed protein and separates the ribosome from the mRNA.

translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids&#x2014;the polypeptide&#x2014;as the end product of translation.<h4>Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life</h4>Proteins are called the building blocks of life because they make up the vast majority of all organisms&#x2014;from muscle fibers to hairs on your head to components of your immune system&#x2014;and the blueprint for each of these proteins is encoded by the genes found in the DNA of every cell. The central dogma in biology dictates that genetic information is converted into functional proteins by the processes of transcription and translation.<h4>Translation Occurs Outside of the Nucleus</h4>Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus where mRNA is transcribed from DNA. After transcription, mRNA is shuttled out of the nucleus to be translated into a chain of amino acids&#x2014;a polypeptide&#x2014;and eventually, a functional protein. This can take place in the cytoplasm or in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where the polypeptides are further modified. In contrast, prokaryotes lack a nuclear compartment, so translation in prokaryotes takes place in the cytoplasm while the mRNA is still being transcribed.<h4>The Sequence of Codons in mRNA Determines the Polypeptide Sequence</h4>Each codon in the mRNA corresponds to one of the 20 amino acids that a cell keeps stocked, as well as stop codons that do not code for amino acids. Another RNA molecule, transfer RNA (tRNA), is responsible for providing the correct amino acid, based on the codon sequence, to the ribosomes during translation. At one end of the tRNA molecule, enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases covalently attach the specific amino acid to the attachment site, while the anticodon sequence located at the other end of the tRNA ensures that the correct amino acid is delivered to the ribosome. Some tRNA molecules are able to bind to more than one codon sequence, allowing for coding versatility known as the wobble effect. This is due to the fact that tRNA molecules have lower binding specificity to the third nucleotide in the mRNA codon sequence as compared to the first two nucleotides.<h4>Some Inherited Diseases Stem from Defects in Translation</h4>Translation is a complex process that depends on a wide array of cellular components. Mutations that impact any part of this diverse toolkit can cause disease. For example, the iron-storage disease hyperferritinemia, also known as cataract syndrome, results from mutations in the 5&#x2019; untranslated region of the mRNA, a region that is important for recruiting translation initiation proteins. These mutations cause abnormally high rates of translation of the iron protein ferritin, causing it to build up in the blood and tissues of affected patients. As a result, the lenses of the eyes turn cloudy. Other diseases are linked to mutations in the genes that encode tRNAs and the ribosomal subunits. For instance, the bone-marrow disease Diamond-Blackfan anemia stems from mutations in the RPS19 gene, a component of the small ribosomal subunit.

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Unit 1

Translation: RNA to Protein

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

how cells build proteins from mrna

Translation is the cell process that builds proteins from messenger RNA, or mRNA. It comes after transcription and is the final step in gene expression. Ribosomes, which are made of protein and specialized RNA, carry out this process with help from transfer RNA, or tRNA, and other proteins. The result is a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide.

Proteins are called the building blocks of life because they make up much of an organism, from muscle fibers and hair to parts of the immune system. The instructions for each protein are stored in genes in DNA. In biology, the central dogma explains how genetic information becomes a working protein through transcription and translation.

In eukaryotes, translation happens outside the nucleus. mRNA is first made from DNA in the nucleus, then moved into the cytoplasm to be translated into a polypeptide. Some translation also occurs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where the new polypeptides can be further modified. In prokaryotes, which do not have a nucleus, translation takes place in the cytoplasm while the mRNA is still being transcribed.

The order of codons in mRNA decides the amino acid order in the polypeptide. A codon is a three-base sequence that matches one of the 20 amino acids kept in the cell, or it can be a stop codon that does not code for an amino acid. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome. Enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the amino acid to one end of the tRNA, and the anticodon on the other end helps match it to the right codon. Some tRNA molecules can pair with more than one codon. This flexibility is called the wobble effect and comes from weaker binding at the third codon position.

Defects in translation can lead to disease. One example is hyperferritinemia, also called cataract syndrome. It can result from mutations in the 5' untranslated region of mRNA, which helps recruit translation initiation proteins. These mutations can raise ferritin translation too much, causing ferritin to build up in blood and tissues and making the eye lenses cloudy. Other diseases are linked to mutations in tRNA genes and ribosomal subunits. Diamond-Blackfan anemia, for example, can stem from mutations in the RPS19 gene, which encodes part of the small ribosomal subunit.

How Cells Build Proteins from mRNA

Translation is the cell process that builds proteins from messenger RNA, or mRNA. It comes after transcription and is the final step in gene expression. Ribosomes, which are made of protein and specialized RNA, carry out this process with help from transfer RNA, or tRNA, and other proteins. The result is a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide. Proteins are called the building blocks of life because they make up much of an organism, from muscle fibers and hair to parts of the immune system.

ribosomes

Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes build proteins by reading messenger RNA, or mRNA, and turning that genetic code into an amino acid chain. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that make large amounts of protein, such as secretory cells in the human pancreas, can contain millions of them. Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus, a region of the nucleus that specializes in making ribosomes. There, rRNA joins with...

trna activation

Charging tRNA for Protein Synthesis

tRNA charging is the step that prepares transfer RNA for protein synthesis. In this process, an amino acid is attached to its matching tRNA by an enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The charged tRNA can then deliver that amino acid during translation. tRNA charging is a key part of how cells build proteins from genetic information. The transcript focuses on the activation of tRNA and the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in this process. These enzymes help ensure that the correct amino...

initiation of translation

Translation Begins with Ribosome Assembly

Translation begins when a ribosome assembles on an mRNA molecule and starts reading its code. During this first stage of protein synthesis, the cell prepares the machinery needed to build a protein from amino acids. The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA first. It helps position the message so the ribosome can find the correct start site. Then the initiator tRNA, which carries the first amino acid, pairs with the start codon on the mRNA. After the start codon is matched, the large...

termination of translation

How Protein Synthesis Ends

Protein synthesis ends when translation reaches a stop signal on the mRNA. At this stage, the ribosome no longer adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Instead, the process shifts to releasing the completed protein.

improving translational accuracy

Boosting Protein Translation Fidelity

Protein translation fidelity helps cells build the right protein from an mRNA message. The ribosome must read each codon correctly and add the matching amino acid in order. Even small errors can change the final protein. The transcript explains how accuracy can be improved during translation. It focuses on the steps that help the ribosome choose the correct tRNA and keep the growing peptide chain on track. These controls reduce mistakes while the protein is being made. This topic is important...

nonsense-mediated mrna decay

Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay and UPF Proteins

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is a cell quality-control process that removes faulty mRNA before it can make a shortened protein. It helps protect cells from errors during gene expression. The pathway depends on UPF proteins, which help identify and trigger the breakdown of the problem message. This process matters when an mRNA contains a premature stop signal, also called a nonsense codon. Instead of allowing translation to continue, the cell recognizes the defective message and targets it for...

molecular chaperones and protein folding

Chaperones Guide Protein Folding

Molecular chaperones help proteins fold into the correct shape. Protein folding is a key step after a protein is made, because shape affects function. If a protein does not fold properly, it may not work as it should. Chaperones do not become part of the final protein. Instead, they assist the folding process and help proteins avoid harmful misfolding. They are especially important when newly made proteins are still fragile and need support as they take on their proper structure. This topic...

the proteasome

Protein Recycling by the Proteasome

The proteasome breaks down proteins inside cells. It helps control which proteins stay active and which are removed. This process is an important part of protein recycling. Proteins can be tagged for destruction before they enter the proteasome. The cell uses this system to remove proteins that are no longer needed or that must be cleared away. The proteasome then cuts them into smaller pieces. This protein breakdown helps the cell stay organized and function properly. By clearing selected...

regulated protein degradation

How Cells Remove Unneeded Proteins

Cells remove unneeded proteins through regulated protein degradation. This process helps control which proteins stay active and which proteins are broken down. Protein degradation is not random. The cell uses signals to mark proteins for removal at the right time. This regulation lets the cell respond to changing needs and keep protein levels balanced. Regulated protein degradation is an important part of molecular biology. It shows how cells maintain control over their internal processes by...

proteins: from genes to degradation

Protein Synthesis and Breakdown

Proteins are made from genes and later broken down when they are no longer needed. This page follows that path from gene information to protein degradation, or protein breakdown. It shows how cells build proteins and how they remove them at the right time. The process begins with genes, which carry the instructions for making proteins. Those instructions are used to produce proteins with specific jobs in the cell. After a protein has done its work, the cell can degrade it instead of keeping it...

key terms and concepts

Learn how ribosomes and tRNA translate mRNA into proteins, where translation happens in cells, and how translation defects can cause disease.

How Cells Build Proteins from mRNA | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

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HIgh School

BIO.2

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Structure and Function

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How Cells Build Proteins from mRNA

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