Name: spindle position and cell division plane
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Une cellule en division déterminant avec précision son plan de division cellulaire est essentielle pour la séparation réussie des chromosomes et la distribution du contenu cytoplasmique à ses cellules filles.
Chez les animaux, le plan de division est situé à l’équateur cellulaire entre les chromosomes ségrégués, et son emplacement est déterminé pendant l’anaphase. Les microtubules qui forment le fuseau mitotique interagissent avec le cortex cellulaire et jouent un rôle décisif dans la spécification du sillon de clivage.
Trois modèles différents sont utilisés pour expliquer la détermination du plan de division cellulaire : le modèle de stimulation astrale, le modèle de relaxation polaire et le modèle de stimulation du fuseau central.
Dans le modèle de stimulation astrale, les réseaux radiaux de microtubules astraux interagissent avec le cortex équatorial et induisent la formation du sillon de clivage.
Dans le modèle de relaxation polaire, les microtubules astraux envoient des signaux inhibiteurs aux pôles cellulaires et suppriment ainsi la formation du sillon de clivage aux deux pôles. Cela conduit à une contraction corticale à l’équateur cellulaire.
Une fois l’anaphase commencée, les microtubules interpolaires présents entre les chromosomes ségrégués se réorganisent en microtubules antiparallèles qui se chevauchent, également connus sous le nom de fuseau central. Dans le modèle de stimulation du fuseau central, le fuseau central stimule la formation du sillon de clivage au niveau du cortex équatorial. 
Le consensus général est que les trois processus agissent ensemble pour déterminer le plan de division cellulaire. Cette approche à plusieurs volets peut faire réagir le système aux fluctuations de la concentration en protéines ainsi qu’à la taille des cellules, augmentant ainsi la précision de la division cellulaire.
La contribution de chaque méthode dépend du type et de la taille de la cellule. Par exemple, dans les embryons de C. elegans, un large éventail de microtubules astraux est présent et peut donc jouer un rôle plus actif dans la détermination du plan de division cellulaire.

<ol>
	<li>Biologie moléculaire de la cellule, Alberts, 6e édition. Pages 997 à 999.</li>
	<li>Biologie cellulaire moléculaire, Lodish, 8e édition. Nombre de pages - 903.</li>
	<li>Geelen, Danny. « Le positionnement du plan de division est déterminé par un site de division corticale au niveau de la membrane plasmique. » Dans Biotechnologie et agriculture durable 2006 et au-delà, pp. 121-124. Springer, Dordrecht, 2007.</li>
	<li>Balasubramanian, Mohan K., Erfei Bi et Michael Glotzer. « Analyse comparative de la cytokinèse chez la levure bourgeonnante, la levure de fission et les cellules animales. » Current Biology 14, n° 18 (2004) : R806-R818.</li>
	<li>Chant, John. « Échafaudages de septin et plans de clivage chez Saccharomyces. » Cellule 84, n° 2 (1996) : 187-190.</li>
	<li>Rincon, Sergio A. et Anne Paoletti. « Mid1/anillin et la régulation spatiale de la cytokinèse chez la levure à fission. » Cytosquelette 69, n° 10 (2012) : 764-777.</li>
	<li>Galli, Matilde et Sander van den Heuvel. « Détermination du plan de clivage chez les embryons précoces de C. elegans. » Revue annuelle de génétique 42 (2008) : 389-411.</li>
</ol>

détermination du plan de division cellulaire

Le positionnement du plan de division cellulaire est une étape cruciale au cours du développement et de la différenciation cellulaire, notamment lors de la mitose où le plan est essentiel pour déterminer la taille des deux cellules filles. Le plan de division cellulaire est perpendiculaire au plan de ségrégation des chromosomes, mais différents types d'organismes ont des mécanismes de division cellulaire différents, adaptés à leur morphologie et à leur fonction.

Cellules animales

Dans les cellules animales, le sillon de clivage se forme le long du plan de division cellulaire à partir du cortex cellulaire, la région située sous la membrane plasmique. Le fuseau mitotique joue un rôle déterminant dans la détermination du plan de division cellulaire ; par conséquent, un changement dans l’axe du fuseau mitotique peut modifier le plan de division. Cette stratégie est utilisée par certains organismes eucaryotes, tels que Caenorhabditis elegans, pour passer d'une division cellulaire symétrique à une division cellulaire asymétrique. La division cellulaire symétrique produit deux cellules filles identiques et est souvent utilisée pour faire croître des tissus contenant plusieurs cellules du même type. En revanche, la division asymétrique crée une diversité cellulaire car elle génère deux cellules filles non identiques. Par exemple, les cellules neuroépithéliales augmentent initialement leur nombre en subissant des divisions symétriques. Après quoi, ils utilisent la division asymétrique pour produire des cellules filles similaires à la cellule mère ainsi que des neurones différenciés.

Levure

Chez la levure en herbe, telle que Saccharomyces cerevisiae, le plan de division cellulaire est décidé en phase G1 par les protéines septines. La cytokinèse est obtenue en formant un sillon de clivage au niveau de la région du cou des cellules de levure en herbe ; cependant, l'appareil mitotique ne joue aucun rôle dans la détermination du plan de division cellulaire. En revanche, chez la levure à fission, telle que Schizosaccharomyces pombe, la position du noyau interphase détermine l'emplacement du plan de division cellulaire dans la phase G2. Durant l'interphase, la protéine Mid1 est principalement localisée dans le noyau ; cependant, pendant la mitose, Mid1 est exporté du noyau vers le cortex cellulaire, où il recrute les composants de l'anneau d'actomyosine dans la région médiale de la cellule. Cela aboutit finalement à la division de la cellule mère en deux cellules filles de taille similaire.

Plantes

Dans la plupart des cellules végétales, le plan de division cellulaire est décidé avant que la cellule ne s’engage dans la mitose. Une bande de préprophase se forme le long de l’équateur de la cellule mère, qui marque le plan de division cellulaire. La bande préprophase est une structure annulaire composée de microtubules et de F-actine. Il donne naissance à un faisceau de microtubules appelé phragmoplaste, qui fournit un échafaudage structurel pour l'expansion et le positionnement des plaques cellulaires.

Détermination du plan de division cellulaire

Le positionnement du plan de division cellulaire est une étape critique lors du développement et de la différenciation cellulaire, en particulier lors de la mitose lorsque le plan est ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologie cellulaire

Unit 1

Unité 1

Cell Division

Division cellulaire

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

spindle position and cell division plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division.

This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form.

The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that plane. By tracking spindle position, scientists can study how division is oriented inside the cell. This makes the concept easier to connect to the steps of mitosis and cell structure.

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how spindle position helps determine the plane of cell division during mitosis and why this matters for daughter cell arrangement in developing tissues.

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biologie cellulaire illustre les processus cellulaires complexes dans des leçons vidéos complètes mais faciles à comprendre. Cette collection se concentre sur les composants et fonctions essentiels de la cellule ; cela inclut les organelles et les membranes ainsi que le transport et le métabolisme énergétique cellulaire. Elle est complétée par nos vidéos de scientifiques à l'action qui démontrent l'application de la biologie cellulaire dans des expériences concrètes.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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3.1.9-12.P

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3.1.9-12.Q

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

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