Name: cytoplasmic content during cell division
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 33 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Le cytoplasme d’une cellule contient de nombreux organites différents. Chaque organite diffère par sa structure, sa fonction et son nombre de copies ; Par conséquent, une cellule doit utiliser des stratégies distinctes pour séparer correctement chaque type d’organite en ses cellules filles.
L’enveloppe nucléaire et le réticulum endoplasmique sont directement liés, et donc leur distribution aux cellules filles est couplée.
En prophase, l’enveloppe nucléaire et les protéines associées fusionnent avec le réticulum endoplasmique. Le réticulum endoplasmique en forme de feuille se transforme en une structure tubulaire et se réorganise près du cortex cellulaire au cours de la métaphase.
Après la ségrégation chromosomique, le réticulum endoplasmique entoure les chromatides sœurs et reforme l’enveloppe nucléaire.
Dans la mitose, les mitochondries subissent une fission pour produire des mitochondries fragmentées qui se propagent dans toute la cellule.
Au cours de la division cellulaire, on pense que ces mitochondries fragmentées sont distribuées aux cellules filles par un processus stochastique ou aléatoire, puis subissent une fusion pour retrouver leur forme et leur taille.
Une seule copie du corps de Golgi est présente dans la cellule, et sa distribution égale est vitale pour la survie cellulaire. Le corps de Golgi se désassemble par étapes avant de se séparer dans les cellules filles.
Le ruban de Golgi contenant des citernes empilées se décompose en plusieurs mini-piles, qui sont ensuite démontées en vésicules.
En anaphase, les vésicules de Golgi subissent une fusion pour former des citernes, qui sont ensuite réempilées. Ensuite, des Golgis jumeaux de petite et de grande taille se forment près du milieu du corps et du centrosome, respectivement, en télophase.
Enfin, au cours de la cytokinèse, les plus petits corps jumeaux de Golgi fusionnent avec les plus grands pour former le corps de Golgi unique dans chaque cellule fille.
La division symétrique se produit dans la plupart des cellules où une cellule produit deux cellules filles identiques avec le même destin.
Dans certaines cellules, la division asymétrique se produit lorsqu’il y a une transmission inégale des déterminants du destin cellulaire, ce qui entraîne la production de cellules filles non identiques.
Par exemple, les cellules souches peuvent subir une division cellulaire asymétrique pour produire une cellule fille qui se comporte comme la cellule souche parente, tandis que l’autre cellule fille peut suivre une lignée cellulaire différente.

<ol>
	<li>Rabouille, Catherine et Eija Jokitalo. « Partition de l’appareil de Golgi pendant la division cellulaire. » Biologie moléculaire des membranes 20, n° 2 (2003) : 117-127.</li>
	<li>Yamano, Koji et Richard J. Youle. « Couplage de la division mitochondriale et cellulaire. » Nature cell biology 13, n° 9 (2011) : 1026.</li>
	<li>McCullough, Simon et John Lucocq. « Positionnement et partition du réticulum endoplasmique dans les cellules HeLa mitotiques. » Journal d’anatomie 206, n° 5 (2005) : 415-425.</li>
</ol>

distribution du contenu cytoplasmique

La cytokinèse sépare les chromosomes et les organites d’une cellule en cellules filles. Les organites se divisent et se développent avant la division cellulaire mais ne peuvent pas être synthétisés de novo ; par conséquent, les cellules doivent recevoir au moins une copie de chaque organite pour survivre. Actuellement, de nombreux détails sur la répartition des organites ne sont pas encore entièrement élucidés.

Distribution des déterminants cytoplasmiques

Le cytoplasme contient divers organites, ainsi que des sels, des protéines et de l'eau. La distribution de petits organites comme les peroxysomes et les lysosomes peut s'expliquer par une simple diffusion. Étant donné que chaque cellule possède plusieurs copies de chaque organite, les cellules filles ont une forte probabilité de recevoir au moins une copie de l'organite. Cependant, la distribution de grands organites comme le ER ou le chloroplaste nécessite des mécanismes plus complexes conservés au cours de l'évolution.

Avancées récentes dans la répartition des corps de Golgi

L'appareil de Golgi se décompose lorsque les cellules entrent en mitose. Deux modèles possibles peuvent expliquer la répartition de l'appareil de Golgi dans les cellules filles. Selon le premier modèle, pendant la prophase, les tubules de Golgi sont fendus et de petits empilements de Golgi sont libérés. Ceux-ci sont ensuite fragmentés en vésicules et tubules. Ces amas mitotiques de Golgi (MGC) se dispersent dans le cytoplasme et se ségrégent dans les cellules en division pendant l'anaphase. Les microtubules du fuseau guident la distribution du MGC de manière ordonnée. Le deuxième modèle émet l'hypothèse que les protéines et les membranes de Golgi sont réabsorbées dans le RE au début de la mitose, permettant au Golgi de se partitionner avec le RE.

Progrès récents dans la distribution des mitochondries

Les mitochondries sont des organites essentiels à la survie et à la croissance cellulaire. Pendant la mitose, les mitochondries sont divisées en fragments plus petits qui peuvent ensuite se séparer entre les cellules filles. Une protéine conservée DRP1 resserre la membrane mitochondriale externe et provoque la fission mitochondriale. La cycline B-Cdk1 et Aurora-A, deux kinases mitotiques, régulent l'activation de DRP1.

Progrès récents dans la distribution du réticulum endoplasmique

Le réticulum endoplasmique interphase (RE) est une membrane continue qui synthétise les membranes des corps de Golgi, des endolysosomes, des vésicules et de la membrane plasmique. Pendant la mitose, le RE peut subir une fragmentation ou rester sous forme de citernes. Dans les cellules HeLa, le RE est maintenu sous forme de citernes et est limité au cortex cellulaire. Le RE n’est pas distribué uniformément et les citernes centrales sont associées au fuseau. Le RE peut être attaché aux parois du cortex des cellules mitotiques avant d'être distribué aux cellules filles.

Distribution du contenu cytoplasmique

La cytokinèse sépare les chromosomes et les organites d’une cellule dans ses cellules filles. Les organites se divisent et se développent avant la division cellulaire mais ne peuvent pas être ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologie cellulaire

Unit 1

Unité 1

Cell Division

Division cellulaire

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

cytoplasmic content during cell division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function.

The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split.

The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the movement and sharing of cell material during the process. Understanding this step helps students see how one cell becomes two working cells.

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cytoplasmic content is distributed during cell division and how daughter cells receive the materials needed to keep functioning.

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biologie cellulaire illustre les processus cellulaires complexes dans des leçons vidéos complètes mais faciles à comprendre. Cette collection se concentre sur les composants et fonctions essentiels de la cellule ; cela inclut les organelles et les membranes ainsi que le transport et le métabolisme énergétique cellulaire. Elle est complétée par nos vidéos de scientifiques à l'action qui démontrent l'application de la biologie cellulaire dans des expériences concrètes.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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3.1.9-12.Q

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

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