Name: atomic emission spectroscopy for element analysis
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:32:15.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.C

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

La spectroscopie d’émission atomique, ou AES, permet une analyse multi-élémentaire dans un échantillon, où tous les analytes peuvent être excités simultanément par une décharge électrique, une flamme ou un plasma.
Dans l’AES, les atomes à l’état excité se détendent pour donner des émissions caractéristiques, et l’intensité de l’émission est directement proportionnelle à la population à l’état excité.
Des populations significatives d’atomes à l’état excité sont obtenues en utilisant du plasma d’argon à haute température.
Le plasma d’argon – un mélange gazeux chaud et électriquement conducteur d’ions argon et d’électrons – est généré par l’ionisation d’un flux d’argon. Le plasma est maintenu indéfiniment par une alimentation électrique qui maintient une température optimale pour une ionisation supplémentaire. 
Une source de plasma à radiofréquence appelée plasma à couplage inductif, ou ICP, peut atteindre des températures allant jusqu’à 10 000 K. Il s’agit d’une source d’excitation largement utilisée dans l’AES, communément appelée ICP-AES ou ICP-OES.
Les autres sources de plasma comprennent le plasma induit par les micro-ondes, le plasma à courant continu, les microplasmas et le plasma induit par laser.

spectroscopie d'émission atomique: aperçu

La spectroscopie d'émission atomique (AES) est une technique analytique utilisée pour déterminer la composition élémentaire d'un échantillon en analysant la lumière émise par les atomes excités. Dans l'AES, les atomes d'un échantillon sont excités à des niveaux d'énergie plus élevés par l'énergie thermique provenant de sources à haute température, telles que le plasma, les arcs ou les étincelles. Lorsque ces atomes excités reviennent à des états d'énergie plus faibles, ils émettent de la lumière à des longueurs d'onde spécifiques caractéristiques de chaque élément. Le spectre d'émission atomique résultant, qui se compose de lignes discrètes correspondant à ces longueurs d'onde, permet d'identifier et de quantifier divers éléments dans l'échantillon.

L'instrumentation AES partage des similitudes avec les spectromètres d'absorption atomique, mais avec des adaptations spécifiques pour la détection des émissions. Les sources à haute température, en particulier le plasma à couplage inductif (ICP), sont essentielles dans l'AES car elles atteignent une énergie suffisante pour exciter les atomes à leurs états d'émission. Les autres sources de plasma comprennent le plasma induit par micro-ondes (MIP) et le plasma à courant continu (DCP). La source la plus utilisée, l'ICP, atteint des températures allant jusqu'à 10 000 K, créant un environnement stable pour une excitation et une émission cohérentes. L'ICP-AES, également connue sous le nom d'ICP-OES (spectrométrie d'émission optique), permet une analyse multiélémentaire en positionnant plusieurs détecteurs dans un réseau semi-circulaire autour de la source d'émission pour capturer des lectures simultanées sur une gamme de longueurs d'onde.

L'AES offre plusieurs avantages par rapport aux méthodes d'absorption atomique traditionnelles, telles que les techniques de flamme et électrothermiques. En raison des sources à haute température qui dissocient les molécules complexes, l'AES est moins sensible aux interférences chimiques, ce qui permet des lectures spectrales plus nettes. La technique permet une analyse multiélémentaire simultanée, améliorant considérablement l'efficacité analytique. De plus, l'AES couvre une plage de concentrations plus large, ce qui la rend adaptée à divers types d'échantillons.

Malgré ces avantages, l'AES présente des limites. Les spectres complexes produits par les sources à haute température augmentent la probabilité d'interférences spectrales, ce qui complique l'analyse quantitative. Pour relever ces défis, les instruments AES nécessitent des systèmes optiques à haute résolution, souvent plus coûteux que ceux utilisés dans la spectrométrie d'absorption atomique. De plus, bien que l'AES soit puissante pour l'analyse multi-éléments, les techniques d'absorption atomique restent précieuses pour l'analyse d'éléments uniques en raison de leur simplicité, de leur rentabilité et de leur précision.

L'AES est largement utilisée dans la surveillance environnementale, la science des matériaux et les laboratoires cliniques pour analyser les métaux, les oligo-éléments et d'autres substances inorganiques. Sa capacité à effectuer une analyse multi-éléments rapide rend l'AES particulièrement utile pour tester les échantillons de sol, d'eau et biologiques. La haute sensibilité et la large gamme élémentaire des instruments AES permettent des mesures précises à la fois à des concentrations traces et significatives, ce qui en fait un outil polyvalent pour l'analyse élémentaire dans divers domaines scientifiques.

En AES, l'analyse quantitative repose sur la mesure de l'intensité de la lumière émise, qui est proportionnelle à la population d'atomes excités. Selon la distribution de Boltzmann, cette population d'états excités dépend de la température de la source d'excitation, les températures plus élevées produisant des émissions plus importantes. Les courbes d'étalonnage, souvent linéaires sur plusieurs ordres de grandeur, sont créées en analysant des normes connues pour corréler les intensités d'émission aux concentrations élémentaires. Les techniques de normalisation sont essentielles pour contrôler les variations d’efficacité d’excitation et d’autres facteurs instrumentaux, permettant une quantification précise des éléments dans divers échantillons.

Spectroscopie d'émission atomique: aperçu

La spectroscopie d’émission atomique (AES) est une technique analytique utilisée pour déterminer la composition élémentaire d’un échantillon en analysant la lumière émise par ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

Chimie analytique

Unit 1

Unité 1

Atomic Spectroscopy

Spectroscopie atomique

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

atomic emission spectroscopy for element analysis

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there.

AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers, but they are built to detect emitted light. High-temperature sources are essential because they provide enough energy to excite atoms into their emission states. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is the most widely used source. It can reach temperatures up to 10,000 K and creates a stable environment for steady excitation and emission. Other plasma sources used in AES include microwave-induced plasma, or MIP, and direct current plasma, or DCP.

ICP-AES is also called ICP-OES, which stands for optical emission spectrometry. This setup allows multielement analysis by placing multiple detectors in a semicircular array around the emission source. The detectors can record several wavelengths at the same time. That makes the method fast and useful when more than one element must be measured in the same sample.

AES has several advantages over traditional atomic absorption methods such as flame and electrothermal techniques. The high-temperature source helps break apart complex molecules, so chemical interferences are usually lower. The method also supports simultaneous multielement analysis, which improves efficiency. In addition, AES covers a wider concentration range, so it works with many different sample types.

The technique also has limits. High-temperature sources create complex spectra, which increases the chance of spectral interferences and can make quantitative analysis harder. AES instruments need high-resolution optical systems to separate the lines clearly, and these systems are often more expensive than those used in atomic absorption spectrometry. For single-element analysis, atomic absorption methods are still useful because they are simple, cost-effective, and precise.

AES is widely used in environmental monitoring, materials science, and clinical laboratories. It can analyze metals, trace elements, and other inorganic substances in soil, water, and biological samples. This makes it valuable for rapid testing across many scientific fields. The method is sensitive and can measure both trace and significant concentrations.

Quantitative AES depends on the intensity of the emitted light. That intensity is related to the number of atoms in the excited state. According to the Boltzmann distribution, this excited-state population depends on the temperature of the source, so higher temperatures produce more emission. To find concentration, scientists use calibration curves made from known standards, and they apply standardization methods to reduce the effects of changes in excitation efficiency and other instrument factors.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-for-element-analysis

atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence

atomic-spectroscopy-absorption-emission-and-fluorescence

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample...

atomic spectroscopy: effects of temperature

atomic-spectroscopy-effects-of-temperature

How Heat Changes Atomic Spectra

Heat changes atomic spectra by affecting atomization, excitation, ionization, and line shape. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization means converting a sample into gas-phase atoms and ions. The flame temperature needed for this step changes how efficiently the method works and shifts the balance between excited and ground-state atoms. At thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of excited and ground-state atoms can be estimated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A small temperature rise...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Metals

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures trace metals by tracking how atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The absorbed light makes atoms move to a higher-energy orbit. In AAS, the key step is atomization, which converts the sample into gas-phase atoms. A flame or a furnace is typically used for this step. Inside the flame, some atoms become thermally excited. Most stay in the ground state, which is the lowest-energy state. These ground-state gas-phase atoms absorb EMR only when...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Key Parts

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry uses a set of key parts to measure light absorbed by atoms. The main components are a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. Each part has a specific job in the instrument. The radiation source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp, or HCL, or an electrodeless-discharge lamp, or EDL. Both produce a narrow emission line at the needed wavelength. Some instruments instead use continuum sources with high-resolution monochromators to narrow...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: radiation and light sources

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-radiation-and-light-sources

Choosing Light Sources for AAS Measurements

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) uses a light source that emits a very narrow range of wavelengths. This is needed because the source must match the absorption behavior of the analyte atom. The choice of source also depends on giving a precise, intense emission at the right wavelength for accurate detection. Two common line sources in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless-discharge lamps (EDLs). These lamps are selected based on the element being analyzed and the level of...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: atomization methods

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-atomization-methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Sample Atomization

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses sample atomization to turn a liquid specimen into free atoms for analysis. The two main approaches are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization. Both methods prepare the sample so its atoms can be measured by the instrument. Flame atomization uses a nebulizer and spray chamber to mix the sample with a fuel-oxidant mixture. This creates a fine aerosol mist that enters the burner. The fuel and oxidant are usually close to a stoichiometric ratio, but a...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: interference

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-interference

Correcting Errors in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy interference can create systematic error by making the analytical signal or the background look stronger or weaker than it should be. In atomic absorption measurements, these errors are usually grouped as spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference. Spectral interference happens when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, the substance being measured. This overlap can falsely raise or hide the analyte...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: lab

AAS Sample Prep and Calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) depends on careful sample preparation and calibration. Samples must be turned into clear solutions before measurement. That often means extra treatment to dissolve materials such as soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common sample prep methods include hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, and fusion with reagents. These steps help make the sample suitable for AAS analysis. Solutions that contain organic...

atomic emission spectroscopy: overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there. AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers,...

atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-instrumentation

AES Sample Handling and Detection

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) uses sample handling, atomization, and detection parts to measure emitted light from atoms and ions. The sample must first be changed into a gas-phase form so it can produce a measurable signal. AES uses two main atomizer types. Continuous atomizers, such as flames and plasmas, feed the sample in a steady stream. Discrete atomizers add one sample at a time with syringes or autosamplers. The electrothermal atomizer is the most common discrete type. Many...

atomic emission spectroscopy: interference

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-interference

Reducing Interference in AES Signals

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) can produce interfering signals when atoms and molecules in a flame or plasma emit overlapping light. High-temperature atomizers excite many species at once, including oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products. These extra emissions can make the analyte signal harder to read. Spectral interference happens when emission lines or bands overlap. One way to reduce it is to improve instrument resolution. Another is to choose a different emission line for...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: principle

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy-principle

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis. The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

ICP-AES Instrument Types and Detection

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, uses an inductively coupled plasma to detect and analyze elements in a sample. The method measures the light given off by atoms, which helps identify and compare different elements. It is a common approach in atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-AES instruments are built in three main forms: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments. Fourier transform designs are less commonly used, but they are...

atomic emission spectroscopy: lab

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences. Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic...

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Measuring Elements by Atomic Fluorescence

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures elements by detecting the light atoms give off after they are excited by electromagnetic radiation. The atoms are first placed in a flame, furnace, or plasma. They absorb energy, become excited, and then release that energy as they return to their original state. The emitted light is called fluorescence. The fluorescence is observed at a right angle to the incoming beam. This setup helps separate the emitted light from the light used to excite the...

flame photometry: overview

Flame Emission Spectrometry Basics

Flame emission spectrometry uses a flame to excite elements in a sample so their light can be measured. It is also called flame photometry. The method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The idea became established in the early 1860s when Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that specific elements give off characteristic radiation in a flame. The first instrument for this purpose measured sodium in plant ash with a Bunsen flame. A major problem was how to add the...

flame photometry: lab

Flame Photometry and Metal Detection

Flame photometry is a method for detecting metals by measuring the light they emit in a flame. A solution such as potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame. The solvent evaporates first. The remaining salt becomes dehydrated and then dissociates into free gaseous atoms in the ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame and move to an excited state. When they return to the ground state, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths. These emissions are very narrow...

key terms and concepts

Learn how atomic emission spectroscopy uses emitted light to identify elements, compare ICP-AES and ICP-OES, and measure samples with calibration curves.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis | JoVE K12

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Louisiana Student Standards for Science

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Earth’s Place In The Universe

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Chemistry

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Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

C-PS4-4

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3.3.9-12.A

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Metal Flame Emission

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the astronomical evidence of the red shift of light from galaxies as an indication that the universe is currently expanding, the cosmic microwave background as the remnant radiation from the Big Bang, and the observed composition of ordinary matter of the universe, primarily found in stars and interstellar gases (from the spectra of electromagnetic radiation from stars), which matches that predicted by the Big Bang theory (3/4 hydrogen and 1/4 helium).  Assessment Boundary:

3.3.9-12.B

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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Flame Photometry: Overview

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3.3.9-12.D

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

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