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Social Psychology
Biais de confirmation
Biais de confirmation
JoVE Core
Social Psychology
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JoVE Core Social Psychology
Confirmation Biases

8.7: Biais de confirmation

7,489 Views
01:31 min
February 12, 2020
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Another Example of Social Stereotypes

If an employer expects an openly gay male job applicant to be incompetent, the potential employer might treat the applicant negatively during the interview by engaging in less conversation, making little eye contact, and generally behaving coldly toward the applicant (Hebl, Foster, Mannix, & Dovidio, 2002). In turn, the job applicant will perceive that the potential employer dislikes him, and he will respond by giving shorter responses to interview questions, making less eye contact, and generally disengaging from the interview. After the interview, the employer will reflect on the applicant’s behavior, which seemed cold and distant, and the employer will conclude, based on the applicant’s poor performance during the interview, that the applicant was in fact incompetent. Thus, the employer’s stereotype—gay men are incompetent and do not make good employees—is reinforced. Do you think this job applicant is likely to be hired? Treating individuals according to stereotypic beliefs can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

In this scenario, can you pick out the confirmation bias? The employer may not have noticed that the job applicant was friendly and engaging, and that he provided competent responses to the interview questions in the beginning of the interview. Instead, the employer focused on the job applicant’s performance in the later part of the interview, after the applicant changed his demeanor and behavior to match the interviewer’s negative treatment.

 

This text is adapted from OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX.

Transcript

Lorsqu’on aborde une proposition, telle que « Prendre un petit-déjeuner améliore les résultats aux examens », quelqu’un peut penser qu’il va objectivement enquêter sur le sujet.

Cependant, alors qu’ils recherchent des preuves, il est clair pour un étranger qu’ils s’occupent sélectivement des éléments qui soutiennent leurs idées préconçues. Ils n’ont accumulé aucune donnée pour argumenter en faveur d’hypothèses alternatives.

Par conséquent, ce type de recherche peut valider à tort leurs croyances dominantes, sans aucune intention ou conscience d’induire en erreur.

Ici, l’individu est devenu la proie du biais de confirmation, c’est-à-dire de la tendance à rechercher ou à interpréter l’information d’une manière qui confirme une croyance existante.

Dans une situation différente, quelqu’un d’autre peut être particulièrement motivé à défendre une idée – il veut que ses idées préconçues soient vraies. Après tout, ils ont supprimé les éléments associés à leurs habitudes alimentaires précédentes et se sont convertis à un régime végétalien, ce qui, dans leur esprit, améliorera leur sommeil.

Par conséquent, ils peuvent délibérément écarter ou ignorer des informations qui contredisent leur préférence... interpréter une histoire pour renforcer leur opinion personnelle... ou même poser des questions qui suscitent des réponses spécifiques. Encore une fois, cet exemple décrit une autre victime du biais de confirmation.

Pour tester minutieusement les points de vue, les gens doivent explorer les deux côtés – les preuves pour et contre leurs points de vue – avant d’établir des conclusions.

Explore More Videos

Biais de confirmation Proposition Prendre un petit-déjeuner Résultats d’examens Assister de manière sélective Soutenir les idées préconçues Hypothèses alternatives Fausse validation Trompeur Biais de confirmation Défendre une idée Régime végétalien Améliorer le sommeil Réduire l’information Ignorer l’information Renforcer l’opinion personnelle Susciter des réponses spécifiques Tester les points de vue Explorer les deux côtés

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