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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation. In gated transport, folded proteins with exposed nuclear localization signals are recognized by soluble cytosolic receptors. The cytosolic receptor binds the cargo and transports it across the nucleus by passing through the nuclear pore complex embedded in the nuclear membrane.
In contrast, precursors of proteins are translocated or moved from the cytosol to different organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and peroxisomes. During protein translocation, cytosolic chaperones bind and unfold the target protein to guide them to the organelle surface. Specific receptors on an organelle membrane recognize the signal sequences on the unfolded protein precursor and bind them. The unfolded peptide chain is threaded through specialized transporters called translocons to cross the lipid bilayer membrane and reach the lumen of the organelle.
Protein sorting by vesicular trafficking involves the movement of proteins in membrane-bound structures called transport vesicles. Soluble proteins in the ER lumen get packed onto the transport vesicles and are bud off from the ER membrane. Molecular markers displayed on the organelle membrane guide the proper delivery and fusion of the transport vesicles.
Le tri des protéines se produit pendant la traduction ou après la synthèse des protéines par deux processus distincts : le tri basé sur le signal et le trafic basé sur les vésicules. Le tri basé sur le signal utilise deux modes de transport : le transport à portes et la translocation des protéines.
Les protéines nucléaires sont activement transportées du cytosol au noyau via les complexes de pores nucléaires intégrés dans l’enveloppe nucléaire. Ce processus est appelé transport à pis.
Ces protéines contiennent des séquences d’acides aminés spécifiques appelées signaux de tri qui sont reconnues par un récepteur de tri qui transporte la protéine vers le noyau.
Les protéines ciblant les chloroplastes, les mitochondries et le réticulum endoplasmique sont importées par des translocons, des protéines transmembranaires spécialisées, dans un processus appelé translocation protéique.
Pendant la translocation, les protéines chaperonnes du cytosol se lient à la protéine cible et la livrent à la membrane, où les signaux de tri sont reconnus par les récepteurs d’importation du translocon. En utilisant l’hydrolyse de l’ATP, la protéine cible est dépliée et transportée à travers un canal dans le translocon pour atteindre sa destination dans l’organite.
Dans le trafic vésiculaire, les protéines solubles sont emballées à partir de la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique et chargées sur des vésicules de transport liées à la membrane.
Les vésicules de transport se détachent de la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique et fusionnent avec la membrane de Golgi ou la membrane cellulaire sans traverser les bicouches lipidiques pour livrer les protéines à leur emplacement cible.
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