4.4
Communication thérapeutique
La communication est un processus d'apprentissage de toute une vie. Au moyen de la communication thérapeutique, les infirmières peuvent recueillir des…
La communication thérapeutique est une technique dans laquelle l’infirmière influence consciemment un patient ou l’aide à mieux comprendre en exprimant ses sentiments par la communication verbale et non verbale.
Les infirmières utilisent cette technique principalement pour développer une relation thérapeutique infirmière-patient et déterminer les besoins essentiels du patient.
La communication thérapeutique se présente sous deux formes : verbale et non verbale.
La communication verbale vise à échanger des informations précises, concises et complètes en utilisant des mots parlés ou écrits dans une langue commune mutuellement comprise.
Dans une conversation verbale, l’orateur doit être conscient de son vocabulaire, de son ton, de son rythme, de sa clarté, de sa concision, de sa rapidité et de sa pertinence.
Dans le milieu de la santé, la communication verbale se produit de deux façons. Il peut s’agir d’une forme orale, par exemple si deux infirmières partagent des informations sur les patients, ou d’une forme écrite, par exemple par des courriels.
En revanche, la communication non verbale consiste à échanger des informations par le langage corporel ou des expressions plutôt que par des mots.
Diverses formes de communication non verbale comprennent le contact visuel, l’expression faciale, les gestes, le son et la posture.
Par exemple, une infirmière peut tapoter l'épaule du patient pour le rassurer. Dans cette situation, l’infirmière communique de manière non verbale par le toucher.
Q1: What is the main purpose of therapeutic communication in nursing?
Therapeutic communication helps nurses consciously influence patients and promote understanding by expressing feelings through verbal and nonverbal communication. Nurses use this technique primarily to develop a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship and determine the patient's essential needs. It enables nurses to collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact effectively during nursing interventions.
Q2: What are the key elements nurses should focus on during verbal communication?
Effective verbal communication requires attention to vocabulary, tone, pace, clarity, conciseness, timeliness, and relevancy. Nurses must use language appropriate to the patient's understanding, speak at a moderate pace, and deliver messages clearly and directly. Timing is crucial—a clear message is only compelling when delivered at the right moment, such as explaining pre-surgical procedures before emergency surgery rather than discussing smoking risks.
Q3: How does nonverbal communication complement verbal messages in patient care?
Nonverbal cues such as body posture, eye contact, and voice intonation are as important as verbal messages. Maintaining eye contact shows respect and a desire to listen, while gestures emphasize and clarify spoken words. Facial expressions convey emotions like surprise, fear, or sadness. A nurse may also communicate nonverbally through touch, such as patting a patient's shoulder to reassure them.
Q4: What does intonation convey in therapeutic communication?
Intonation is a variation in the tone of voice that conveys the speaker's attitudes and feelings. The style of voice greatly influences the meaning of a message—even a straightforward question or statement can elicit various emotions depending on intonation. This makes vocal tone a critical aspect of therapeutic communication that can significantly impact how patients perceive and respond to information.
Q5: Why is personal appearance and posture important in nonverbal communication?
Personal appearance, including physical characteristics, facial expressions, manner of dress, and grooming, communicates messages to patients. Posture and walking patterns reflect attitudes, emotions, self-concept, and health status. How people sit, stand, and walk serves as a form of self-expression that patients unconsciously interpret, making these nonverbal elements essential components of therapeutic communication.
Q6: How do sounds and gestures function in nonverbal communication?
Sounds such as sighs, moans, groans, or sobs communicate feelings and thoughts when combined with other nonverbal communication. Gestures emphasize, punctuate, and clarify the spoken word, conveying specific messages when combined with other communication cues. Together, these nonverbal elements help send clear, comprehensive messages that reinforce or enhance verbal communication.
Q7: What specific verbal communication techniques help improve patient understanding?
Nurses should use clarity and brevity by keeping communication simple, direct, and concise. Avoiding filler phrases like 'you know' or 'OK?' at the end of sentences improves clarity, especially for elderly patients. Direct questions such as 'Where is your pain?' are more effective than vague statements. These techniques of therapeutic communication ensure patients receive information they can easily understand and act upon.