13.5
Articulations structurelles : articulations cartilagineuses
Comme son nom l'indique, au niveau d'une articulation cartilagineuse, les os adjacents sont unis par du cartilage, un tissu conjonctif résistant mais…
Les articulations cartilagineuses se forment lorsque les os sont reliés par du cartilage, un tissu conjonctif fort mais flexible. Ces articulations peuvent être légèrement mobiles et ne pas avoir de cavité synoviale.
Les articulations cartilagineuses sont classées en deux types en fonction du cartilage de liaison : les synchondroses, où le cartilage hyalin relie les os, et les symphyses, où le fibrocartilage les relie.
Les syncondroses sont pour la plupart des articulations immobiles ou synarthrosiques. Ils peuvent être temporaires ou permanents.
L'articulation de l'os de l'enfant entre la métaphyse et l'épiphyse est une synchondrose temporaire reliée par le cartilage épiphysaire. Après la puberté, le cartilage épiphysaire est remplacé par de l’os, puis la métaphyse et l’épiphyse fusionnent.
En revanche, l’articulation entre la première côte et le manubrium est une synchondrose permanente reliée par le cartilage costal.
Les symphyses sont amphiarthrosiques, ce qui signifie qu’elles permettent des mouvements limités.
Par exemple, l’articulation reliant les os pubiens par un disque fibrocartilagineux compressible et absorbant les chocs est une symphyse.
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Q1: What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints?
Cartilaginous joints are classified into synchondroses and symphyses based on the connecting cartilage type. Synchondroses use hyaline cartilage to join bones and are mostly immovable. Symphyses use fibrocartilage to connect bones and allow limited movement. Both types lack a synovial cavity, distinguishing them from other structural joints.
Q2: How do temporary and permanent synchondroses differ?
Temporary synchondroses, like epiphyseal plates in growing bones, connect the metaphysis to the epiphysis with hyaline cartilage. After puberty, this cartilage ossifies and the bones fuse. Permanent synchondroses, such as the first sternocostal joint, retain their hyaline cartilage throughout life and do not ossify with age.
Q3: Why is fibrocartilage better suited for symphyses than hyaline cartilage?
Fibrocartilage contains numerous bundles of thick collagen fibers, giving it greater ability to resist pulling and bending forces compared to hyaline cartilage. This strength allows symphyses to unite adjacent bones firmly while permitting limited movement, making fibrocartilage ideal for joints requiring both stability and flexibility.
Q4: What role do intervertebral discs play in the vertebral column?
Intervertebral discs are thick pads of fibrocartilage that form symphyses between adjacent vertebrae. They strongly unite the vertebrae while allowing small movements between them. The discs also provide crucial cushioning during weight-bearing and high-impact activities like running or jumping, protecting the vertebral column from injury.
Q5: How are cartilaginous joints functionally classified?
Synchondroses are functionally classified as synarthrotic joints because they lack movement between bone and cartilage. Symphyses are classified as amphiarthrotic joints because they allow limited movement. This functional classification reflects the degree of mobility permitted at each joint type based on their structural composition.
Q6: What happens to the epiphyseal plate during bone growth and maturation?
The epiphyseal plate is a temporary synchondrosis of hyaline cartilage that unites the metaphysis to the epiphysis in growing long bones. As the bone lengthens, the cartilage grows and is progressively replaced by bone, adding to the diaphysis. After puberty, the epiphyseal cartilage completely ossifies, fusing the metaphysis and epiphysis permanently.
Q7: How do cartilaginous joints differ from synovial joints?
Cartilaginous joints lack a synovial cavity and are connected by cartilage rather than a synovial membrane. They are generally less mobile than synovial joints, with synchondroses being immovable and symphyses allowing only limited movement. This structural difference makes cartilaginous joints better suited for stability and support rather than extensive mobility.