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The information processing theory of cognitive development focuses on essential cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills.

Studies show that children with cognitive abilities, such as enhanced working memory, tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving.

In contrast, low working memory is associated with an increased risk of absenteeism, independent of socioeconomic status and IQ.

Another essential process in cognitive development is executive function, which includes higher-order skills like thinking, planning, problem-solving, and self-regulation.

In school settings, tasks that require children to remain seated or wait their turn depend on self-regulation and the ability to control automatic responses—both critical components of executive function and necessary for school success.

Notably, early executive function skills predict school readiness and support social-cognitive development, such as understanding others' thoughts and feelings.

Parents and educators play a crucial role in fostering executive function by modeling self-control and providing support.

Specific activities, such as working memory training, aerobic exercise, and mindfulness practices, enhance executive function in young children.