Article de méthode

Un système murin simulé en milieu côtier in vivo pour évaluer l'efficacité et la durabilité des écrans solaires

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DOI :

10.3791/73347

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9 octobre 2026

 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 

* These authors contributed equally

Dans cet article

Résumé

Cette étude présente un système côtier simulé utilisant un modèle murin pour évaluer de façon quantitative le taux de rétention et l'efficacité photoprotectrice des écrans solaires en présence de facteurs de stress environnementaux complexes, notamment l'irradiation ultraviolette, l'immersion en eau de mer, le lessivage par les vagues et le séchage éolien. Il sert d'outil de criblage préclinique et ne remplace pas les essais cliniques normalisés.

Résumé

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a primary environmental factor causing skin photoaging, sunburn, and acute UV-induced skin injury. Sunscreen is the most common method of photoprotection; however, current evaluation methods fail to accurately simulate complex seaside environments or pose high costs and ethical limitations. This study presents a novel simulated seaside testing system combined with a live murine model to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy and durability of sunscreens under complex environmental stressors. The custom-designed chamber integrates controllable UV irradiation, seawater immersion with simulated waves, and wind-drying mechanisms. Depilated BALB/c mice were treated with different sunscreens and exposed to a standardized 120-minute simulated seaside cycle. The retention rate of the sunscreens was quantified using fluorescence imaging, while the photoprotective efficacy was evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining for epidermal thickness and inflammatory infiltration. The results demonstrated that this system could effectively differentiate the performance of various sunscreens. Specifically, a high-protection water-resistant sunscreen exhibited the highest retention rate and provided the best protection against UV and environmental damage. This protocol offers a cost-effective, highly reproducible, and ethical preclinical screening alternative for exploring skin protection products under simulated extreme environments, serving as an exploratory bridge rather than a validated replacement for mandatory human SPF testing.

Introduction

Les rayonnements ultraviolets (UV), en particulier les UVA et les UVB, sont la principale cause de photovieillissement cutané, de coup de soleil et de lésions cutanées aiguës induites par les UV1,2,3. L'utilisation de crèmes solaires est la stratégie la plus répandue pour atténuer ces effets néfastes4,5. Par conséquent, l'évaluation précise de l'efficacité des crèmes solaires revêt une importance capitale tant pour la recherche dermatologique que pour l'industrie cosmétique.

Actuellement, les méthodes principales pour tester l'efficacité des écrans solaires comprennent des analyses instrumentales in vitro et des essais cliniques humains6,7. Les méthodes in vitro, telles que la spectrophotométrie UV sur des plaques de quartz ou sur une peau artificielle, sont rentables et hautement reproductibles8,9. Toutefois, elles ne parviennent pas à simuler les dynamiques complexes de la formation du film de protection solaire, de la résistance à l'eau et de la résistance au lessivage sur la peau vivante. En revanche, les essais cliniques humains, qui mesurent la dose érythémateuse minimale (DEM) sur le dos de volontaires, sont considérés comme la référence pour déterminer le facteur de protection solaire (FPS), conformément aux normes de l'Organisation internationale de normalisation (ISO) (FPS : ISO 24444, résistance à l'eau : ISO 16217) et aux directives de la FDA10,11,12,13,14. Malgré leur fiabilité, les essais cliniques sont coûteux, longs, sujets à des variations individuelles importantes et fortement limités par des considérations éthiques, en particulier lors des tests dans des conditions environnementales extrêmes ou potentiellement nocives.

Une limitation importante des techniques d'évaluation existantes réside dans l'impossibilité de simuler de manière exhaustive les environnements côtiers réels. Lors d'activités en bord de mer, les écrans solaires subissent un processus de dégradation synergique impliquant une immersion dans l'eau de mer à haute salinité et un lessivage par les vagues15,16. Ces facteurs compromettent fortement la stabilité de l'adhérence et la durée de protection des produits appliqués. Pour surmonter ces limitations, cette étude présente un nouveau système de test côtier simulé utilisant un modèle de souris BALB/c. Ce système intègre plusieurs paramètres environnementaux clés — notamment l'intensité UV, la salinité de l'eau de mer, la température de l'eau, la force des vagues et la vitesse du vent — au sein d'une plateforme unique et hautement contrôlable. En combinant ce dispositif matériel à une imagerie fluorescente quantitative et à une analyse histologique, le protocole permet une évaluation précise du taux de rétention de l'écran solaire ainsi que de son efficacité protectrice physiologique. Cette méthode offre une solution fiable, peu coûteuse et efficace pour évaluer les performances des écrans solaires dans des scénarios marins complexes et réalistes.

Protocole

All methods involving vertebrate animals were performed in compliance with the institutional guidelines and approved by the laboratory animal care and ethics committee of Guangdong Laidi Biomedical Research Institute Co., Ltd., under approval No. LDSW2025050-4.

1. Setup of the simulated seaside chamber

  1. Assemble the test chamber, which consists of a transparent, airtight metal box (dimensions: 40 cm length × 30 cm width × 30 cm height) with access ports for the animals.
  2. Integrate the UV Simulation Unit: Install UV lamps (6W) at the top of the chamber, providing an approximate intensity of 2 mW/cm2. This simulates the average strong midday seaside sunlight.
    CAUTION: UV radiation is hazardous to the eyes and skin. Ensure the chamber is fully sealed and wear appropriate safety goggles and protective clothing when operating the UV unit.
  3. Integrate the water environment unit. Fill the built-in water tank with artificial seawater.
  4. Prepare the seawater by dissolving commercial sea salt in purified water at a ratio of 1 kg (± 0.05 kg) salt to 30 L (± 0.5 L) water. Set the water temperature controller to maintain a constant temperature of 25 °C (± 1 °C).
  5. Activate the wave-maker at a flow rate of approximately 10 L/min to simulate the mechanical friction of moderate shore waves.
  6. Position the blower fan to direct airflow across the animal holding area. Calibrate airflow to 35 cubic feet per minute (CFM) to simulate a seaside breeze.
  7. Connect all components to a central control interface. Prior to testing, input the target environmental parameters into the control system and calibrate them using the corresponding measurement instruments.
    NOTE: Execute this initial verification by utilizing an external handheld digital UV radiometer, a waterproof thermometer, and an anemometer, ensuring that the UV intensity (2 mW/cm2), water temperature (25 °C), and wind speed (35 CFM) match the intended setpoints prior to initiating the biological experiments.
  8. During the experiment, toggle the UV lamps, wave-maker, and water drainage on or off via the interface to precisely execute the alternating immersion and emersion phases.

2. Preparation of the animal model

  1. House adult BALB/c mice (weighing approximately 20 g to 25 g) in standard conditions and allow them to acclimatize for one week prior to the experiment.
  2. Briefly anesthetize the mice using 1.5% isoflurane via inhalation to minimize stress. Pre-shave the fur on the backs of the mice using an animal hair removal device.
  3. Next, apply a commercial chemical depilatory cream evenly to the dorsal skin of the mice. After 3 to 5 min, gently wipe away the hair using warm, damp gauze.
    CAUTION: Chemical depilatory creams and paraformaldehyde used in histology are toxic and irritants. Handle them in a well-ventilated area while wearing protective gloves. Disposal: Dispose of all chemical waste (paraformaldehyde) and biological waste (animal carcasses and tissues) in designated biohazard and chemical waste containers strictly in accordance with institutional and local regulatory requirements.
  4. House the depilated mice for an additional 2 days to allow recovery. Before the experiment, visually inspect the dorsal skin to confirm the complete absence of erythema or irritation from the depilatory process.
  5. Draw a cross on the exposed dorsal skin using a black marker to divide the area into four distinct quadrants (Quadrants 1 to 4).

3. Sunscreen application and pre-treatment

  1. Prepare the test sunscreens. Randomly select three commercial sunscreens: A, B, and C.
  2. Apply the sunscreen to the designated areas using a 20 μL micropipette, and spread the formulation evenly with a sterile gloved fingertip in a gentle circular motion for 10 s to ensure the formation of a uniform film as follows:
    NOTE: Ensure the pressure applied by the fingertip remains consistent across all quadrants. Uneven spreading or excessive pressure can lead to irregular film thickness, which will directly compromise the reproducibility of the subsequent retention evaluation.
  3. Quadrant 1 (Top-Left): Apply 20 mg/cm2 of Sunscreen A.
  4. Quadrant 2 (Top-Right): Apply 20 mg/cm2 of Sunscreen B.
  5. Quadrant 3 (Bottom-Left): Apply 20 mg/cm2 of Sunscreen C.
  6. Quadrant 4 (Bottom-Right): Leave untreated (Unprotected control).
  7. Place the mice in a resting position for 5 min to ensure that the sunscreen is evenly and stably distributed on the dorsal skin.

4. Sunscreen retention assessment

  1. Mix a safe fluorescent marker (0.01% w/w Sulfo Cy7) into Sunscreen A, Sunscreen B, and Sunscreen C.
  2. Apply the fluorescently labeled sunscreens to the dorsal skin of the mice as described in section 3.
  3. Capture the initial baseline fluorescence image (F0) of the dorsal skin using an in vivo fluorescence imaging system.
    NOTE: Verify that the imaging parameters, including exposure time and focal plane, remain strictly locked for each animal. An inaccurate baseline (F0) capture will invalidate the final calculation of the sunscreen retention rate.
  4. Place the mice into the testing chamber. Turn off the UV lamps and set the water temperature to 25 °C.
  5. Raise the water level and activate the wave-maker so that the mice undergo a 30-minute immersion phase (swimming), ensuring their heads safely remain above the water surface.
  6. Next, turn off the wave-maker and lower the water level to expose a stepped metal platform inside the chamber, allowing the mice to rest safely on the platform for 30 min (emersion phase).
  7. Repeat the 30-minute immersion phase and the 30-minute emersion phase for a second cycle (120 min in total).
  8. Capture the post-exposure fluorescence image (F1) using the in vivo imaging system.
  9. Calculate the retention level using the formula:
    Retention level = (F1 / F0) × 100%      (1)
  10. Calculate the relative fluorescence intensity using the formula:
    Fluorescence intensity = (F1(X) / F1(A)) × 100%      (2)
    where F0 is the baseline fluorescence intensity, F1 is the post-experiment fluorescence intensity, F1(A) is the post-experiment fluorescence intensity of the area applied with Sunscreen A, and F1(X) is the post-experiment fluorescence intensity of the area applied with Sunscreen B or C.
    NOTE: Ensure the UV lamps remain off during the fluorescence monitoring experiment to prevent UV-induced quenching of fluorescence. The total exposure time is 120 min, and ensure constant monitoring of the animals' respiratory rate and activity status throughout the immersion phase to confirm the absence of signs of distress or exhaustion.

5. Photoprotective efficacy detection

  1. Apply the standard (non-fluorescent) sunscreens to the backs of the mice as described in section 3.
  2. Apply a piece of black, UV-blocking tape to the upper neck area of the mouse to serve as a UV-shielded internal control. Record the baseline skin conditions via macroscopic photography.
    NOTE: Press the edges of the tape firmly to prevent water seepage or accidental detachment during the wave wash phase. If the tape detaches, the internal control area will be compromised by exposure to UV and water, confounding the histological baseline.
  3. Expose the mice to the same water cycling program described in section 4, with the UV simulation unit activated: raise the water level for 30 min (immersion), lower the water level for 30 min (emersion phase), and repeat for a second cycle (total 120 min).
  4. Remove the mice from the chamber and record the presence of erythema, peeling, or hardening on the skin using macroscopic photography.
    NOTE: Based on the chamber dimensions (40 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) and the animals' activity space relative to the light source, the cumulative UV dose delivered during the 120-minute cycle is estimated at approximately 2.5 J/cm2. Dosages around this level effectively induce measurable epidermal thickening and acute inflammation while ensuring the safety of the mice and strictly maintaining animal welfare limits3.
  5. At the experimental endpoint, euthanize the mice humanely via cervical dislocation under deep isoflurane anesthesia, strictly following the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, to harvest skin tissues for the subsequent histological evaluation. Excise the dorsal skin tissues from the four quadrants and the tape-protected area.
  6. Fix the tissues in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h, followed by standard dehydration, paraffin embedding, and sectioning.
  7. Stain the sections with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Briefly, deparaffinize the sections in xylene, rehydrate through graded ethanol solutions, stain with hematoxylin for 5 min, rinse in running tap water, counterstain with eosin for 1 min, dehydrate, and mount with a resinous mounting medium.
  8. Observe the stained sections under a light microscope. Measure the thickness of the epidermis and assess the level of skin inflammation by counting the infiltrating inflammatory cells.
    NOTE: The UV dose delivered during the cycle is sufficient to induce acute erythema for efficacy evaluation but remains well within the safe, non-lethal threshold, as evidenced by the mice showing no signs of severe systemic damage and maintaining normal physical activity after the testing cycle.

6. Statistical analysis

  1. Perform statistical analysis using GraphPad Prism 9.5. Express quantitative variables as mean ± standard deviation. Use one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test for comparisons among multiple groups. Statistical significance was defined as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ns indicates no significance (p > 0.05).

Résultats

Environmental characterization of the testing system
Before the in vivo evaluation, the physical parameters of the simulated seaside chamber were calibrated to ensure high environmental fidelity. The UV simulation unit utilized a 6 W lamp emitting a broad spectrum ranging from 300 to 420 nm with a peak wavelength at 340 nm. This specific spectral distribution ensures a dominant UVA emission accompanied by a biologically relevant portion of UVB, which effectively mirrors the typical ultraviolet spectrum of natural midday sunlight reaching the Earth's surface17. The wave maker operated at a flow rate of 10 L/min, which generates a mild fluid shear stress comparable to gentle coastal wave washout. Additionally, the airflow unit provided a constant wind speed of 35 CFM, translating to a wind velocity of approximately 3 to 4 m/s over the test area. This correlates with a gentle breeze (Beaufort scale 3) typical of seaside meteorological conditions18. These combined parameters reliably replicate the cyclic mechanical and environmental stressors experienced during typical seaside activities.

Sunscreen retention assessment
First, the simulated seaside apparatus was assembled. As shown in Figure 1A, the system primarily consists of a blower fan, a UV irradiation system, a simulated seawater tank, and a control system, which are respectively used for wind-drying, UV irradiation, seawater immersion, and centralized control. After placing the mice in the apparatus and starting the system, the conditions of immersion and emersion phases on the shore were successfully simulated (Figure 1B). Based on this setup, we first investigated sunscreen retention under these conditions. Initially, commercially available Sunscreens A, B, and C, labeled with a fluorescent marker, were applied to the dorsal skin of the mice. Subsequently, these mice were subjected to an alternating cycle in the simulation apparatus, consisting of 30 min of immersion (simulating swimming) and 30 min of emersion phase (simulating sunbathing on the shore). After 2 h, following a complete cycle of wave and wind, the retained fluorescence on the skin was detected using in vivo imaging. As shown in Figure 2A–B, compared to pre-simulation, all sunscreen groups exhibited a decrease in fluorescence intensity, indicating that the wash-off effect of seawater waves causes a significant amount of sunscreen to be removed. Among them, the quadrant treated with Sunscreen C retained a relatively high amount of fluorescence, Sunscreen B showed a moderate retention rate, and Sunscreen A exhibited the lowest retention rate (Figure 2C). This indicates that Sunscreens C and B possess relatively stronger retention capabilities. These data confirm that our apparatus can quantitatively differentiate the durability of different formulations under complex environmental stress.

Photoprotective efficacy
To further investigate the UV-protective effects of these sunscreens in a simulated seaside environment, macroscopic observations of the dorsal skin of mice were conducted. As shown in Figures 3A and 3B, the unprotected control exhibited UV-induced damage, characterized by pronounced erythema, redness, and sunburn. In contrast, the regions treated with sunscreens showed significantly alleviated sunburn symptoms. Furthermore, histological analysis using H&E staining was performed and was consistent with the aforementioned macroscopic observations (Figure 4A–B). When the unprotected control was exposed to the seaside simulator, significant thickening of the epidermis and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells (Figure 4C) in the dermis were observed, demonstrating that the simulated seaside testing system effectively replicates skin sunburn in a practical seaside environment. The application of sunscreens significantly mitigated these pathological changes. Notably, the epidermis thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration of the skin tissue treated with Sunscreen C were remarkably similar to those of the UV-shielded internal control subjected to the same environmental stress. This indicates that Sunscreen C provides the optimal protective effect in the simulated marine environment, likely attributable to its high retention rate and inherent photoprotective properties.

figure-results-1
Figure 1: Overview of the simulated seaside testing system. (A) Schematic diagram of the apparatus. (B) Mice inside the testing chamber. The customized test chamber integrates a UV irradiation device, a water tank with a wave generator, and a blower fan, effectively simulating a practical seaside environment. No copyright concerns are associated with this figure as it is obtained by the authors. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

figure-results-2
Figure 2: Sunscreen retention fluorescence analysis. (A) Representative fluorescence images of the mouse dorsal skin before and after the 120-minute experiment. (B) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence retention. (C) Relative fluorescence intensity analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

figure-results-3
Figure 3: Macroscopic appearance of mouse skin after environmental exposure. (A) Representative macroscopic images of the mouse dorsal skin after a 120-minute exposure to the simulated seaside environment. (B) Locally enlarged views showing the occurrence of erythema and peeling in the unprotected control area compared to the sunscreen-protected areas and the UV-shielded internal control (Normal). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

figure-results-4
Figure 4: Histological evaluation of photoprotective efficacy. (A) Representative H&E-stained sections of the mouse dorsal skin from different treatment areas following environmental exposure. Indicator lines identify the boundaries of the measured epidermis. Scale bar = 250 µm. (B) Quantitative analysis of epidermal thickness in each designated area. (C) Quantitative assessment of relative inflammatory cell counts (%). The UV-shielded internal control (Normal) was set as the baseline (100%). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Discussion

Dans cette étude, un système de test multifactoriel simulé en milieu côtier combiné à un modèle murin vivant a été développé et validé avec succès. Au-delà de la fourniture d'un nouvel appareil, ce protocole intégré permet l'évaluation dynamique de la durabilité des écrans solaires et de leur efficacité photoprotectrice sous l'effet de facteurs environnementaux stressants synergiques. En comblant l'écart entre les essais in vitro simplifiés et les essais cliniques humains complexes, cette méthode établit une plateforme préclinique complète pour comprendre comment les formulations destinées à la barrière cutanée se comportent dans des environnements marins réels.

Le principal avantage de ce protocole par rapport aux méthodes conventionnelles réside dans sa grande fidélité environnementale. Les tests standards de résistance à l’eau impliquent généralement une immersion statique dans un bac de laboratoire19. En revanche, notre système intègre le frottement mécanique des vagues, le stress osmotique de l’eau de mer à haute salinité, l’effet évaporatif du vent et une irradiation UV continue. Ces facteurs agissent de manière synergique pour dégrader le film de crème solaire, offrant ainsi un test de contrainte nettement plus rigoureux et réaliste. Il convient de noter que lors de l’évaluation de la rétention de fluorescence, les lampes UV ont été éteintes afin d’éviter l’extinction du fluorophore. Par conséquent, ce test spécifique évalue la durabilité physique face au lavage mécanique et au stress osmotique, mais ne prend pas en compte la dégradation chimique induite par les UV. Pour compenser cela, l’évaluation histologique ultérieure a été réalisée avec le module UV activé, permettant une évaluation globale de l’efficacité pratique. Les résultats ont clairement démontré que, bien que toutes les crèmes solaires offrent une certaine protection de base, le taux de rétention (Figure 2) et la protection histologique correspondante (Figure 4) variaient significativement selon la résistance de la formulation à ces forces dynamiques combinées.

L'utilisation de BALB/c les souris constituent un excellent modèle in vivo plateforme qui tient compte de variables biologiques telles que la sécrétion de sébum, la perte insensible en eau et les mouvements dynamiques de la peau, que les modèles de peau artificielle ne peuvent pas reproduire. La dose de rayonnement UV délivrée au cours du cycle de 120 minutes a été strictement contrôlée afin d'induire efficacement un coup de soleil aigu sur la zone cutanée exposée, sans provoquer de toxicité systémique ni de dommages sévères, tout en restant rigoureusement dans les limites éthiques autorisées pour les souris BALB/c. En outre, en divisant le dos d'une même souris en quatre quadrants, nous avons éliminé les variations biologiques interindividuelles, permettant ainsi des comparaisons appariées hautement précises entre différentes formulations de crèmes solaires.

Une étape cruciale de ce protocole consiste à garantir la récupération complète de la peau murine après épilation, car toute irritation initiale fausserait les résultats histologiques. En outre, l'application uniforme du film de protection solaire, la calibration stable des paramètres environnementaux avant les tests, ainsi que le respect précis du chronométrage des phases d'immersion et d'émersion sont essentiels pour assurer une forte reproductibilité entre les lots. En ce qui concerne la résolution des problèmes, plusieurs difficultés prévisibles peuvent survenir. En cas de répartition inégale de la protection solaire, recalibrez le volume de pipetage et veillez à effectuer un mouvement circulaire doux. Si l'érythème consécutif à l'épilation persiste, la période de récupération doit être prolongée ou les animaux concernés doivent être exclus. Pour éviter la fatigue des animaux pendant l'immersion, surveillez attentivement leur activité et assurez que la plateforme de repos soit entièrement accessible durant la phase d'immersion.

Une limite de ce modèle réside dans les différences anatomiques et physiologiques entre la peau murine et la peau humaine (par exemple, la densité des follicules pileux et l'épaisseur de l'épiderme). La peau murine présente une densité plus élevée de follicules pileux et un épiderme plus mince, ce qui peut modifier la formation du film de protection solaire. Les nombreuses invaginations folliculaires pourraient agir comme des micro-réservoirs, favorisant potentiellement la rétention mécanique des écrans solaires particulaire (inorganiques) par rapport aux formulations strictement organiques. Bien qu'il constitue un outil comparatif robuste pour le criblage des formulations, des essais cliniques chez l'humain restent nécessaires pour l'étiquetage définitif du FPS. Les applications futures de ce système sont nombreuses. Au-delà des écrans solaires, cet appareil peut être adapté pour évaluer la durabilité d'autres cosmétiques topiques, de crèmes barrières, de pansements, voire de textiles protecteurs contre les UV, dans des conditions environnementales sévères. L'intégration de ce système rationalise le développement et le test de produits topiques.& ;D, offrant aux chimistes cosmétiques et aux chercheurs en dermatologie une méthode de criblage rapide, rentable et éthique avant de passer aux essais sur l'homme.

Déclarations de divulgation

Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de conflits d'intérêts.

Remerciements

Ce travail a été financé par le projet d'innovation scientifique et technologique autofinancé de Foshan (n° 2220001004842).

Matériaux

Liste des matériaux utilisés dans cet article
NomEntrepriseNuméro de catalogueCommentaires
ÉosineMacklin770427Utilisée pour la coloration H&E
ÉthanolMacklinE809059Utilisé pour la coloration H&E
Crème dépilatoireVeetTMG-001Utilisée pour enlever les poils fins
HématoxylineMacklinH810910Utilisée pour la coloration H&E
Image JUtilisé pour l'analyse d'images
Système d'imagerie in vivoPerkinelmerIVIS Lumina IIIUtilisé pour détecter la rétention de fluorescence
IsofluraneRWD Life ScienceR510-22-10Utilisé pour anesthésier les souris
ParaformaldéhydeBiosharpBL539AUtilisé pour fixer les tissus cutanés
TondeuseChemmoleCM700015Utilisée pour enlever la majeure partie des poils
Chlorure de sodiumMacklinS805285Utilisé pour fabriquer de l'eau de mer artificielle
Sulfo Cy7RuixibioR-Z54515Utilisé pour marquer la crème solaire
Lampe UVKanfu Lighting TechnologyT5-6WUtilisée pour fournir des rayons ultraviolets
XylèneMacklinX821391Utilisé pour la coloration H&E

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