Patient-specific Dosing
Patient-specific Dosing - Related Videos
01:21
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients
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2025
In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
01:15
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients
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2025
Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
01:25
Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity
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2023
Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...
12:09
Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations
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Cited by 14 •
2013
A methodology to estimate ventricular fiber orientations from in vivo images of patient heart geometries for personalized modeling is described. Validation of the methodology performed using normal and failing canine hearts demonstrate that that there are no significant differences between estimated and acquired fiber orientations at a clinically observable level.
08:30
X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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Cited by 2 •
2011
We are developing a dynamic adaptive exposure technique using our scanning beam digital X-ray system. Rather than exposing an object uniformly, the exposure is adapted depending on the opacity of the object. Here we show an experiment on an anthropomorphic phantom that resulted in a dose saving of 30%.
FAQs
The regimen is shaped by variables that alter drug handling or drug effects, including body size, age, organ function, genetics, disease state, and concurrent medicines. These characteristics can change predicted pharmacokinetics, meaning how the body handles a drug, and pharmacodynamics, meaning how the drug affects the body. Considering them together helps explain why a population-average dose may not provide suitable exposure.
Measured drug concentrations provide an observed exposure signal that can be compared with the predicted pharmacokinetic profile. Therapeutic drug monitoring uses this information to refine the regimen when a patient’s measured concentration suggests that the current dose or schedule may not match treatment needs. It is therefore a feedback mechanism, linking drug levels to ongoing dose adjustment rather than relying only on initial estimates.
Adjustment does not have to mean changing the amount alone. Patient-specific dosing may refine the dose, dosing interval, or route, depending on how the patient’s characteristics and treatment needs affect predicted exposure and response. This flexibility matters when a single regimen cannot adequately balance effective exposure with toxicity risk, especially as clinical conditions change.
An individualized approach begins by evaluating relevant patient characteristics and treatment needs, then using those data to predict pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clinicians can select an initial dose, interval, or route and subsequently incorporate measured drug concentrations and changing clinical conditions. The regimen is refined as new information becomes available, creating an iterative rather than fixed process.
It is particularly relevant when a patient’s drug handling may differ substantially from population averages. Body size, age, organ function, genetics, disease state, or concurrent medicines can each contribute to that difference. Accounting for these factors can help tailor treatment for patients whose expected exposure or response may not fit a uniform regimen.
The central goal is to maintain drug exposure high enough to support treatment response while limiting toxicity. By combining patient characteristics, predicted drug behavior, and, when available, measured concentrations, clinicians can refine therapy as circumstances change. In clinical practice, this approach may support safer treatment and improve the likelihood that the regimen matches the patient’s needs.