Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
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LS.Bio.4.1

The Phosphorus Cycle

במחזור הזרחן, אטומי זרחן קיימים בעיקר בסלע, לא במצב של גז. כאשר הסלע מתפורר, הזרחן משתחרר ומתמוסס בתוך נחלים, אגמים ומי תהום. צמחים ואצות משתמשים בפוספטים אי-אורגניים חופשיים אלה באדמה או במים, כדי ליצור מולקולות אורגניות.לאחר מכן, באמצעות צריכת הצמחים, הטרוטרופים מנצלים את מאגרי הזרחן כדי לבנות תרכובות משלהם. כאשר אורגניזמים מתים, המפרקים שוברים את מולקולות הזרחן ומשחררים פוספט אי-אורגני לשימוש נוסף על ידי צמחים ואצות. תהליך המכונה מינרליזציית פוספט.בעוד שפוספטים עוברים במהירות בין אורגניזמים בשרשרת המזון, יש להם זמן שהייה ארוך יותר במים. יוני פוספט שהתמוססו מגיבים כדי ליצור תרכובות בלתי מסיסות, אשר שוקעות באוקיינוס והופכות למשקע, ואז לסלע, וכתוצאה מהתרוממות טקטונית, לבסוף חוזרות לסביבה. אולם, מאחר שכמות הזרחן היא מוגבלת בסביבה, חייבים לספק אותו לצמחי יבול חקלאיים כדשן כדי להניב תפוקה מרבית.עודף זרחן הופך לשפכים במערכות אקולוגיות מימיות, מה שגורם למגוון בעיות סביבתיות, כגון פריחת אצות.

ווטסון, אנדרו ג'יי, טימותי מ. לנטון ובנג'מין ג'יי וו מילס. "דה-אוקסיגנציה באוקיינוס, מחזור הזרחן העולמי והאפשרות של אנוקסיה ימית בקנה מידה גדול שנגרמה על ידי האדם." עסקאות פילוסופיות. סדרה א', מדעים מתמטיים, פיזיקליים והנדסיים 375, מס' 2102 (13 בספטמבר 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318" target="__blank">מקור</a>]

ווייט, אנג'ליק וסוניה דיהרמן. "מחזור הזרחן הימי". גבולות במיקרוביולוגיה 4 (21 במאי 2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00105" target="__blank">מקור</a>]

מחזור הזרחן

<div style="direction:rtl">בניגוד לפחמן, מים וחנקן, זרחן אינו קיים באטמוספירה כגז. במקום זאת, רוב הזרחן במערכת האקולוגית קיים כתרכובות, כגון יוני פוספט (-PO43-), המצויים בקרקע, מים, משקעים וסלעים. זרחן הוא לעתים קרובות חומר תזונתי מגביל (כלומר, במחסור). כתוצאה מכך, זרחן מתווסף לרוב הדשנים החקלאיים, מה שעלול לגרום לבעיות סביבתיות הקשורות לנגר במערכות אקולוגיות מימיות. <h4>מחזור זרחן ביולוגי</h4> זרחן קיים במבנים ביולוגיים חשובים רבים, כגון DNA, ממברנות תאים, עצמות ושיניים. הוא אינו קיים באטמוספירה בצורה גזית, אלא נמצא במינרלים, משקעים, אפר וולקני ובאירוסולים. כאשר סלעים עוברים התפרקות לאורך זמן, הם משחררים פוספט אנאורגני, אשר מגיע בהדרגה לאדמה ולמים עיליים. צמחים סופגים ומשלבים את הפוספטים הללו במולקולות אורגניות. בעלי חיים משיגים ומשלבים פוספטים על ידי צריכת צמחים ובעלי חיים אחרים. כאשר צמחים ובעלי חיים מתים או מפרישים פסולת, פוספטים אורגניים חוזרים לאדמה ומתפרקים על ידי חיידקים בתהליך הנקרא מינרליזציה של פוספט לצורות אנאורגניות שיכולות לשמש שוב את הצמחים. <h4>מחזור זרחן גיאוכימי</h4> מי נֶגֶר טבעי יכול להעביר פוספטים לנהרות, אגמים ואוקיינוס, שם הם יכולים להיבלע על ידי אורגניזמים מימיים. כאשר אורגניזמים מימיים מתים או מפרישים פסולת, תרכובות המכילות זרחן עלולות לשקוע לקרקעית האוקיינוס ובסופו של דבר ליצור שכבות משקעים. במשך אלפי שנים, התרוממות גיאולוגית יכולה להחזיר סלעים המכילים זרחן מהאוקיינוס אל היבשה. <h4>השפעות האדם על מחזור הזרחן</h4> כמו חנקן, זרחן הוא לעתים קרובות גורם מגביל בגידול צמחים בסביבות טבעיות, מה שהוביל לנוהג החקלאי של הוספת זרחן לדשנים על מנת להגדיל את יבול היבול. עם זאת, נֶגֶר חקלאי זה יכול לעורר את הצמיחה המהירה של יצרני מים, ולגרום למגוון בעיות סביבתיות.</div>

שלא כמו פחמן, מים וחנקן, זרחן אינו נוכח באטמוספרה כגז. במקום זאת, רוב הזרחן במערכת האקולוגית קיים כתרכובות, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

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LS.Bio.4.2

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

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Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how interactions between organisms (predator/prey, competition) affect carrying capacity and maintain stability in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.5.1

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Engage in argument from evidence to evaluate various solutions to reduce the impact of human activities on biodiversity and ecosystem health.

LS.Bio.5.2

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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