Name: sulfur in ecosystems and acid rain
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:41.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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The Sulfur Cycle

כמולוקלת גז, גופרית עוברת בין האטמוספירה והמערכות האקולוגיות היבשתיות והמימיות. SO2 צורה אחת, שהיא גופרית דו-חמצנית, או, נכנסת למערכת היבשתית מהאטמוספירה כחומצה גופרתית חלשה המתפוגגת במשקעים, או כמופקדת ישירות בתהליך המכונה נשורת. הבליה של סלעים המכילים גופרית שנוצרו מהתרוממות גיאולוגית של משקעי אוקיינוס, גם כן מוסיפה גופרית לתוך המערכת האקולוגית היבשתית.גופרית אז נכנסת מהאדמה לשרשרת המזון דרך שורשי צמחים בצורת גופרות, אשר נצרכות על ידי הטרוטרופים ומשוחררות שוב לתוך האטמוספירה כמימן גופרתי על ידי מפרקים לאחר מות האורגניזמים. עודף גופרית מאדמה ומפתחים גיאותרמיים תת-קרקעיים נכנס לאוקיינס כשפכים, שם הוא שוקע למשקעים על קרקעית האוקיינוס, או משמש כמקור אנרגיה ביולוגית עבור כימואוטוטרופים ימיים. פעילות געשית ופתחים גיאותרמיים גם משחררים גופרית לתוך האטמוספירה בצורת גז מימן גופרתי בתהליך טבעי עם זאת, שריפת דלקים מאובנים תורמת כמות גדולה ולא טבעית אל תוך האטמוספירה, אשר חוזרת לקרקע כגשם חומצי, ההורס מערכות אקולוגיות.

ווסמונד, קנת, מארק מוסמן ואלכסנדר לוי. "החיים גופרית: אקולוגיה מיקרוביאלית של מחזור גופרית במשקעים ימיים." דוחות מיקרוביולוגיה סביבתית 9, גיליון 4 (אוגוסט 2017): 323–44. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-2229.12538" target="__blank">מקור</a>]

Durham, Bryndan P., Shalabh Sharma, Haiwei Luo, Christa B. Smith, Shady A. Amin, Sara J. Bender, Stephen P. Dearth, et al. "פחמן סודי וגופרית מחזור בין פני השטח האוקיינוס Plankton." פרוטוקול האקדמיה הלאומית למדעים 112, מס' 2 (13 בינואר 2015): 453–57. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413137112" target="__blank">מקור</a>]

מחזור הגופרית

<div style="direction:rtl">גופרית, מרכיב חשוב בהרכב הכימי של חלבונים, ממוחזרת דרך האטמוספרה וסביבות מימיות ויבשתיות. גופרית דו-חמצנית נמצאת באטמוספירה (SO2), גופרית משתחררת על ידי אורגניזמים מתכלים, סלעים שעברו התפרקות, פתחי אוורור גיאותרמיים, הרי געש ושריפת דלקים מאובנים. היא מופקדת לתוך המערכת האקולוגית, עוברת במחזוריות דרך הקהילה הביוטית, ומשוחררת בחזרה לאטמוספירה כגז או מופקדת במשקעים ימיים לאחסון ארוך טווח ובסופו של דבר משתחררת חזרה לאדמה ולאטמוספרה. <h4>מחזור הגופרית הביוגאוכימי</h4> גופרית חיונית למערכות ביולוגיות והיא מרכיב של חומצות אמינו מסוימות, כמו ציסטאין, הממלא תפקיד חשוב במבנה החלבונים. הגופרית מופצת למערכות אקולוגיות יבשתיות על ידי משקעים של חומצה גופרתית חלשה, נשורת ישירה מהאטמוספירה, בליה של סלעים המכילים גופרית ופתחי אוורור גיאותרמיים. מהאדמה היא נקלטת על ידי מיקרואורגניזמים וצמחים ומומרת לצורות אורגניות שיכולות לשמש את הצרכנים במערכת האקולוגית. כאשר אורגניזמים מתים, מְפָרְקִים מפרקים את תרכובות הגופרית האורגניות לגזים, כגון מימן גופרתי, אשר מתחמצן באטמוספרה ליצירת דו תחמוצת הגופרית. בנוסף, כמה כימואוטוטרופים משתמשים בגופרית כמקור אנרגיה ביולוגי וממחזרים מולקולות גופרית ישירות דרך מערכות אקולוגיות. גופרית מוכנסת למערכות אקולוגיות ימיות באמצעות נגר מהיבשה, נשורת ישירה מהאטמוספירה ופתחי אוורור גיאותרמיים תת-מימיים. חלק מהגופרית הזו עוברת בשרשרת המזון ומשתחררת לאטמוספירה כתרסיס ים. השאר מופקד כמשקע על קרקעית האוקיינוס, שם הוא מאוחסן לפרקי זמן ממושכים. לאורך זמן גיאולוגי, התרוממות רוח יכולה להעביר את המשקעים חזרה ליבשה, שם משתחררת גופרית בשחיקה. <h4>השפעות האדם על מחזור הגופרית</h4> שריפת דלקים מאובנים, במיוחד פחם, מוסיפה כמות לא טבעית של גז מימן גופרתי לאטמוספירה, וכתוצאה מכך נוצר ריכוז גבוה יותר של דו תחמוצת הגופרית המתבטא כגשם חומצי. גשם חומצי פוגע בסביבה על ידי הורדת ה-pH של אגמים ונהרות, ופוגע בבעלי חיים ימיים ויבשתיים כאחד.</div>

גופרית, יסוד חשוב בהרכב הכימי של חלבונים, ממוחזרת דרך האטמוספירה וסביבות ימיות ויבשתיות. נמצא ב ...

Education

JoVE Core

ביולוגיה

Ecology

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

sulfur in ecosystems and acid rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure.

On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it into organic forms that consumers can use.

When organisms die, decomposers break down organic sulfur compounds. This process can release gases such as hydrogen sulfide, which is then oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulfur dioxide. Some chemoautotrophs also use sulfur as an energy source, so sulfur can move directly through ecosystems in that way.

Marine ecosystems also receive sulfur from runoff from land, fallout from the atmosphere, and underwater geothermal vents. Some of it moves through the food chain and returns to the atmosphere as sea spray. The rest becomes sediment on the ocean floor, where it can stay for long periods before uplift and erosion return it to land.

Human activity can change this cycle. Burning fossil fuels, especially coal, adds extra hydrogen sulfide gas to the atmosphere and raises sulfur dioxide levels. This can lead to acid rain, which lowers the pH of lakes and rivers and harms both aquatic and terrestrial animals.

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Trace how sulfur moves through land and ocean ecosystems, how decomposers recycle it, and how fossil fuel burning can cause acid rain.

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain | JoVE K12

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Use models to illustrate how processes in organisms contribute to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter within an ecosystem.

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Use models to explain the relationship between the flow of energy and cycling of matter among organisms in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.4.2

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how interactions between organisms (predator/prey, competition) affect carrying capacity and maintain stability in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.5.1

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Engage in argument from evidence to evaluate various solutions to reduce the impact of human activities on biodiversity and ecosystem health.

LS.Bio.5.2

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

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