Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
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Chemistry

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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

יסוד הוא חומר טהור המכיל סוג אטומים יחיד. נכון לרגע זה התגלו 118 יסודות, לחלקם מקור טבעי וחלקם נוצרו במעבדה. קיימים הבדלים גדולים בשכיחותם של היסודות השונים.היסודות הנפוצים ביותר בקרום כדור הארץ הם חמצן, צורן, אלומיניום, ברזל וסידן. לעומת זאת, אטמוספרת כדור הארץ מורכבת ברובה מחנקן ומחמצן. כל תא בטבלה המחזורית מכיל, לכל הפחות, מספר אטומי וסמל כימי.סמל כימי מורכב מאות או שתיים בלועזית המסמלות כל יסוד. האות הראשונה תהיה גדולה, ואם יש צורך באות השנייה, היא תהיה קטנה, כדי למנוע בלבול עם תרכובות המכילות שני יסודות. לעיתים קרובות, הסמל הוא האות או האותיות הראשונות של שם היסוד באנגלית.אך לחלק מהסמלים יש שורשים ביוונית, בלטינית או בגרמנית. ניתן להוסיף פרטים נוספים לסמל הכימי. המספר האטומי, המייצג את מספר הפרוטונים ביסוד, מצוין בצידו השמאלי התחתון של הסמל.זהו מספר קבוע לכל יסוד, ולכן לעיתים משמיטים אותו כי אינו משתנה. מספר המסה, שהוא מספר הפרוטונים והניוטרונים ביסוד, מצוין בצידו השמאלי העליון של הסמל. מספר זה מגדיר איזוטופ המסוים של היסוד כמו פחמן 12 או פחמן 13.איזוטופ הוא גירסא של יסוד שבה מספר הניוטרונים בגרעין משתנה, אבל מספר הפרוטונים, שהוא גם המספר האטומי, נשאר זהה. כך נוצרות מסות אטומיות שונות מבלי שמטען האטום משתנה. למימן, לדוגמה, שלושה איזוטופים נפוצים:בנפוץ מכולם אין כלל ניוטרונים.השני הוא דאוטריום, בעל ניוטרון אחד, והשלישי הוא טריטיום, בעל שני ניוטרונים. בעוד שאטום המימן הסטנדרטי והדאוטריום יהיו יציבים בתנאים טבעיים, איזוטופים אחרים, כגון טריטיום, דועכים והופכים לחומרים אחרים בתהליך איבוד האנרגיה. אלה נודעים כאיזוטופים רדיואקטיביים.

<ol>
	<li>פוטהוף, ג'סטין, גרייס נגוין, דון ארצ'י, א. פראסאד ונוגופאל ומארק א. בנוונוטו. "אלמנט 118: ללמד אלמנט חדש לתלמידים חדשים". בתוך יסודות ישנים וחדשים: תגליות, פיתוחים, אתגרים והשלכות סביבתיות, עמ' 195-201. האגודה האמריקאית לכימיה, 2017.</li>
	<li>קרבס, רוברט א. ההיסטוריה והשימוש ביסודות הכימיים של כדור הארץ שלנו: מדריך ייחוס. קבוצת גרינווד הוצאה לאור, 2006.</li>
	<li>קלייטון, דונלד. מדריך לאיזוטופים ביקום: מימן לגליום. כרך א'. הוצאת אוניברסיטת קיימברידג', 2003.</li>
</ol>

יסודות: סמלים כימיים ואיזוטופים

<div style="direction:rtl">סמל כימי הוא קיצור המשמש לציון יסוד או אטום של יסוד. לדוגמה, הסמל של כספית הוא Hg. הסמל הזה משמש לציון אטום כספית אחד (תחום מיקרוסקופי) או לתיוג מיכל של אטומים רבים של היסוד כספית (תחום מקרוסקופי). כמה סמלים נגזרים מהשם האנגלי הנפוץ של היסוד; אחרים הם קיצורים של השם בשפה אחרת - לטינית, יוונית או גרמנית. לדוגמה, הסמל לאלומיניום (שם נפוץ) הוא Al, בעוד שעבור ברזל הוא Fe שנובע משמו הלטיני "Ferrum". לרוב הסמלים יש אות אחת או שתיים, אך נעשה שימוש בסמלים בני שלוש אותיות כדי לתאר כמה יסודות בעלי מספרים אטומיים גדולים מ-112. כדי למנוע בלבול עם סימונים אחרים, רק האות הראשונה של סמל מסומנת באותיות גדולות. לדוגמה, Co הוא הסמל ליסוד קובלט, אך CO הוא הסימון לתרכובת של פחמן חד חמצני, המכילה אטומים של היסודות פחמן (C) וחמצן (O). באופן מסורתי, המגלה (או המגלים) של היסוד החדש נותן את השם ליסוד. עם זאת, עד שהשם יוכר על ידי האיגוד הבינלאומי לכימיה טהורה ויישומית (IUPAC), השם המומלץ של היסוד החדש מבוסס על המילים הלטיניות למספר האטומי שלו. לדוגמה, יסוד 106 נקרא אונילקסיום (Unh), יסוד 107 נקרא אונילספטיום (Uns), ויסוד 108 נקרא אונילוקטיום (Uno) במשך מספר שנים. יסודות אלה נקראים כעת על שמם של המדענים (או מדי פעם מיקומים); לדוגמה, יסוד 106 ידוע כיום בשם סיבורגיום (Sg) לכבודו של גלן סיבורג, זוכה פרס נובל שהיה פעיל בגילוי מספר יסודות כבדים. כל ריבוע בטבלה המחזורית מכיל, לכל הפחות, מספר אטומי - שהוא גם מספר הפרוטונים - וסמל כימי. במקרה של איזוטופ, מצוין מספר המסה או סכום הפרוטונים והנויטרונים יחד עם הסמל והמספר האטומי. מספר המסה מגדיר את האיזוטופ הספציפי של היסוד. לדוגמה, אלו הם שני האיזוטופים של חנקן: <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;"> הסמל של איזוטופ ספציפי של כל יסוד נכתב על ידי הצבת מספר המסה ככתב עילי משמאל לסמל היסוד. מכיוון שהמספר האטומי מגדיר את זהותו של היסוד, וכך גם הסמל שלו, הוא מושמט לעתים קרובות. לדוגמה, מגנזיום קיים כתערובת של שלושה איזוטופים, שלכל אחד מהם מספר אטומי של 12 ועם מספרי מסה של 24, 25 ו-26, בהתאמה. ניתן לזהות איזוטופים אלה כ- 24Mg, 25Mg ו-26Mg. סמלי איזוטופים אלה נקראים "יסוד, מספר מסה" וניתן לסמל אותם בהתאם לקריאה זו. לדוגמה, 24Mg נקרא "מגנזיום 24" וניתן לכתוב אותו כ"מגנזיום-24" או "Mg-24". 25Mg נקרא "מגנזיום 25", וניתן לכתוב אותו כ"מגנזיום-25" או "Mg-25". לכל אטומי המגנזיום יש 12 פרוטונים בגרעין שלהם. הם שונים רק בגלל שלאטום של 24Mg יש 12 נויטרונים בגרעין שלו, לאטום של 25Mg יש 13 נויטרונים, ול-26Mg יש 14 נויטרונים. שימו לב שבנוסף לשמות וסמלים סטנדרטיים, לאיזוטופים של המימן מתייחסים לעתים קרובות באמצעות שמות נפוצים וסמלים נלווים. מימן-2, המסומל 2H, נקרא גם דיוטריום ולעיתים מסומל D. מימן-3, המסומל 3H, נקרא גם טריטיום ולעיתים מסמל T. טקסט זה מותאם מ <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Section 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism.</a></div>

סמל כימי הוא קיצור המשמש לציון יסוד או אטום של יסוד. לדוגמה, הסמל של כספית הוא Hg. אותו סמל הוא ...

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Atoms and Elements

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

Ion charges can often be predicted from an element’s position on the periodic table. In chemical reactions, the nucleus stays unchanged, but electrons may be transferred, lost, or shared. When atoms gain or lose electrons during compound formation, they become ions, which are electrically charged particles. A positive ion is called a cation. A cation has more protons than electrons because it lost electrons. A negative ion is called an anion. An anion has more electrons than protons because it...

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Periodic Table Patterns and Element Groups

The periodic table organizes elements by repeating patterns in their properties. Chemists first noticed that some elements behaved alike, so they grouped them by chemical behavior. Lithium, sodium, and potassium are one example. They are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well. Calcium, strontium, and barium form another group with similar physical and chemical properties. Yet these two groups are not the same. The lithium group is much more reactive, and its elements form oxygen compounds...

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Average Atomic Mass and Isotopes

Average atomic mass explains why many elements on the periodic table have decimal values. Atoms are extremely small, so scientists use the atomic mass unit, or amu, to measure them. A carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and the amu is defined from carbon-12. One amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is 1.6605 × 10−24 g. The dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) mean the same thing as the amu. For a single atom, atomic mass is usually close to its mass...

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Mole, Mass, and Avogadro’s Number

The mole links mass and the number of particles in a substance. It gives chemists a standard way to count atoms and molecules in samples that are far too small to see. It also helps show why substances with the same kinds of atoms can still have very different properties, like water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The mole is an amount unit, like a pair or a dozen. One mole contains 6.02214076 × 10^23 discrete entities, such as atoms or molecules. This number is usually rounded to 6.022 ×...

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Learn how chemical symbols, atomic numbers, and isotope notation identify elements, from mercury and iron to magnesium and hydrogen isotopes.

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Isotopes and Atomic Mass

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Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Scientific Method

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

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Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

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Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that ...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.Chm.2.1

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

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Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

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Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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