Name: kinetic molecular theory and gas behavior
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:26.000Z
Duration: 2 min 43 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Energy

PS.Chm.7.3

basic-postulates-kinetic-molecular-theory-particle-size-energy

Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

בעוד חוקי הגזים מסכמים את היחסים בין תכונות שונות של גזים אידיאליים, התאוריה הקינטית מסבירה מדוע הגזים מתנהגים על פי חוקים אלה. התאוריה מבוססת על כמה הנחות או השערות. ההנחה הראשונה היא שחלקיקי גז הם זניחים בגודלם.גז הוא ברובו חלל ריק המורכב מחלקיקים קטנים שהמרחק המפריד ביניהם גדול הרבה יותר מהממדים שלהם. נפח החלקיקים הכולל הוא זניח ביחס לכלל הנפח שהגז מכיל. בניגוד לנוזלים ומוצקים, שאינם ניתנים לדחיסה בשל קרבת החלקיקים, גזים ניתנים לדחיסה רבה.חלקיקי גז נמצאים במצב תמידי של תנועה בקווים ישרים בכיוונים אקראיים. נתיבם ישתנה אך ורק אם יתנגשו עם חלקיקים אחרים או בקירות המכל שלהם. לפי ההנחה השנייה, חלקיקי גז יוצרים התנגשויות אלסטיות מושלמות.הם מתנגשים ונדחפים זה מזה מבלי שיידבקו. ניתן להשוות זאת להתנגשויות בין כדורי ביליארד במהלך משחק. כשחלקיקי גז מתנגשים, הם מחליפים ביניהם אנרגיה מבלי שום איבוד של אנרגיה מהמערכת.במילים אחרות, אנרגיית המערכת הכוללת נותרת קבועה. חלקיקי גזנ מצאים בתנועה מתמדת, לכן יש להם אנרגיה קינטית. מכאן נובעת ההנחה השלישית לפיה האנרגיה הקינטית הממוצעת של גז נמצאת ביחס ישר לטמפרטורה המוחלטת שלו בקלווין.כלומר, האנרגיה הקינטית עולה עם הטמפרטורה, וכתוצאה מכך, החלקיקים נעים מהר יותר. בטמפרטורות גבוהות יותר, החלקיקים נעים מהר יותר. לעומת זאת, ככל שיורדת הטמפרטורה, כך פוחתת גם האנרגיה הקינטית של החלקיקים, והם נעים לאט יותר.בטמפרטורה קבועה, לכל הגזים, ללא קשר למסה המולקולרית שלהם, יש את אותו ממוצע אנרגיה קינטית. אנרגיה קינטית שווה למסה כפול המהירות בריבוע. מכאן שכדי שלגזים שונים תהיה אותה אנרגיה קינטית בממוצע, חלקיקי הגז שלהם בהכרח נעים במהירויות ממוצעות שונות.מכאן שלגזים כבדים יותר מהירויות ממוצעות נמוכות יותר, ואילו לגזים קלים יותר מהירויות ממוצעות גבוהות יותר. לדוגמה, להליום ולניאון באותה הטמפרטורה יש אותה אנרגיה קינטית ממוצעת. לעומת זאת, בגלל ההבדלים במסה שלהם, אטומי הניאון איטיים הרבה יותר מאטומי ההליום.

הנחות יסוד של תיאוריה מולקולרית קינטית: גודל חלקיקים, אנרגיה והתנגשות

<div style="direction:rtl">משוואת הגז האידיאלי, שהיא אמפירית, מתארת את התנהגותם של גזים על ידי יצירת קשרים בין התכונות המקרוסקופיות שלהם. לדוגמה, חוק צ'ארלס קובע שנפח וטמפרטורה קשורים ישירות. גזים, אם כן, מתרחבים כאשר הם מחוממים בלחץ קבוע. למרות שחוקי הגז מסבירים כיצד התכונות המקרוסקופיות משתנות זו ביחס לשנייה, זה לא מסביר את ההיגיון מאחורי זה. התיאוריה המולקולרית הקינטית היא מודל מיקרוסקופי שעוזר להבין מה קורה לחלקיקי גז ברמה המולקולרית או האטומית כאשר תנאים כמו לחץ או טמפרטורה משתנים. בשנת 1857 פרסם רודולף קלאוזיוס צורה שלמה ומשביעת רצון של התיאוריה, אשר מסבירה למעשה את חוקי הגזים השונים באמצעות ההנחות שפותחו על סמך מאות תצפיות ניסיוניות על התנהגות הגזים. המאפיינים הבולטים של תיאוריה זו הם: <ol style="padding-right: 35px; margin: 0;"> <li style="text-align: right;">גזים מורכבים מחלקיקים (אטומים או מולקולות) הנמצאים בתנועה מתמשכת, נעים בקווים ישרים ומשנים כיוון רק כאשר הם מתנגשים במולקולות אחרות או בקירות של מיכל. בדוק דגימה של גז ארגון בטמפרטורה ולחץ סטנדרטיים. הוא מראה שרק 0.01% מהנפח נתפס על ידי אטומים עם מרחק ממוצע של 3.3 ננומטר (רדיוס אטומי של ארגון הוא 0.097 ננומטר) בין שני אטומי ארגון. המרחק גדול בהרבה מהממד שלו.</li> <li style="text-align: right;">המולקולות המרכיבות את הגז קטנות באופן זניח בהשוואה למרחקים ביניהן. לכן, הנפח המשולב של כל חלקיקי הגז זניח ביחס לנפח הכולל של המיכל. החלקיקים נחשבים ל"נקודות" בעלות מסה אך נפח זניח.</li> <li style="text-align: right;">הלחץ שמפעיל גז במיכל נובע מהתנגשויות בין מולקולות הגז לדפנות המיכל.</li> <li style="text-align: right;">מולקולות גז אינן מפעילות כוחות משיכה או דחיה זו על זו או על קירות המיכל; לכן, ההתנגשויות שלהם אלסטיות (אינן כרוכות באובדן אנרגיה). במהלך התנגשויות אלסטיות, אנרגיה מועברת בין החלקיקים המתנגשים. האנרגיה הקינטית הממוצעת של החלקיקים, אפוא, נשארת קבועה ואינה משתנה עם הזמן.</li> <li style="text-align: right;">האנרגיה הקינטית הממוצעת של מולקולות הגז פרופורציונלית לטמפרטורת הקלווין של הגז. לכל הגזים, ללא קשר למסה המולקולרית שלהם, יש אותה אנרגיה קינטית ממוצעת באותה טמפרטורה.</li> </ol> טקסט זה מותאם מ <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/9-5-the-kinetic-molecular-theory">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Chapter 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory</a>.</div>

משוואת הגז האידיאלי, שהיא אמפירית, מתארת את התנהגות הגזים על ידי יצירת קשרים בין תכונותיהם המקרוסקופיות. בשביל...

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JoVE Core

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אחד

Gases

גזים

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

kinetic molecular theory and gas behavior

Kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior at the particle level. It gives a microscopic model for what happens when pressure or temperature changes. Gas laws describe how macroscopic properties change, but they do not explain why those changes happen.

The theory was put into a complete form by Rudolf Clausius in 1857. It was built from hundreds of experimental observations about gases. Those observations helped explain the different gas laws through a few basic postulates.

One key idea is that gases are made of particles, either atoms or molecules, that move constantly. They travel in straight lines until they collide with other particles or with the walls of a container. A sample of argon gas at standard temperature and pressure shows that the particles take up only a tiny part of the total volume. The average distance between two argon atoms is much larger than the size of the atoms themselves. Because of this, gas particles are treated as points with mass but negligible volume.

Gas pressure comes from collisions between gas molecules and the walls of the container. The particles do not attract or repel each other, and they do not interact with the container walls through such forces. For that reason, their collisions are elastic, which means no energy is lost in the collision. Energy can still be transferred between colliding particles, but the average kinetic energy stays constant over time.

The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends on the kelvin temperature of the gas. It is proportional to temperature. At the same temperature, gases with different molecular masses have the same average kinetic energy.

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Behavior

kinetic-molecular-theory-and-gas-behavior

definition and measurement of pressure: atmospheric pressure, barometer, and manometer

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Pressure Units and Tools for Gas Measurement

Pressure is the force applied to a given area, and gas pressure comes from gas molecules colliding with surfaces. Each collision is tiny, but many collisions over a small area can create high pressure. Pressure increases when force increases or when the area gets smaller. It decreases when force drops or when the area gets larger. Pressure is measured in pascals, or Pa, in the SI system. One pascal equals 1 newton per square meter, and a newton is a unit of force equal to 1 kg·m/s2. A pascal...

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How Gas Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Change

Gas pressure, volume, temperature, and amount are linked by several gas laws. Scientists found these relationships by studying how a confined gas changes when one variable is held constant and another changes. These patterns apply to an ideal gas, which is a useful model for gases under low pressure and high temperature. Gay-Lussac’s law, also called Amontons’s law, connects pressure and temperature. If gas is trapped in a rigid container, the volume and number of moles stay constant. When the...

applications of the ideal gas law: molar mass, density, and volume

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Ideal Gas Law at STP and Gas Density

The ideal gas law links pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature. It helps explain how gas volume changes when pressure or temperature changes. At standard temperature and pressure, or STP, the values are 273.15 K and 1 atm. At STP, one mole of an ideal gas occupies about 22.4 L. This is called the standard molar volume. The gas can be hydrogen, oxygen, argon, or carbon dioxide, and the volume is still about 22.4 liters. Half a mole occupies 11.2 L, and 2 moles occupy 44.8 L. The...

mixtures of gases: dalton's law of partial pressures and mole fractions

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Gas Pressure in Mixtures: Partial Pressures

Gas pressure in mixtures is described by partial pressure and mole fraction. When gases do not chemically react, each gas in the mixture acts as if it were alone in the container. The pressure from one gas is called its partial pressure. For a mixture of three gases, A, B, and C, the total pressure equals the sum of their partial pressures: PA, PB, and PC. This is Dalton's law of partial pressures. It states that the total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the pressures from...

chemical stoichiometry and gases: using ideal gas law to determine moles

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Stoichiometry of Gases with the Ideal Gas Law

Chemical stoichiometry links the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. For gases, those amounts can also be measured by volume. If a gas’s volume, pressure, and temperature are known, the ideal gas equation can be used to find the number of moles present. The same idea works in reverse. If the moles of a gas are known, its volume can be found at any temperature and pressure. The transcript gives an example using 8.88 g of gallium reacting with excess hydrochloric acid.

basic postulates of kinetic molecular theory: particle size, energy, and collision

Kinetic molecular theory explains gas behavior at the particle level. It gives a microscopic model for what happens when pressure or temperature changes. Gas laws describe how macroscopic properties change, but they do not explain why those changes happen. The theory was put into a complete form by Rudolf Clausius in 1857. It was built from hundreds of experimental observations about gases. Those observations helped explain the different gas laws through a few basic postulates. One key idea...

kinetic molecular theory and gas laws explain properties of gas molecules

kinetic-molecular-theory-gas-laws-explain-properties-gas

Gas Pressure Patterns in Kinetic Molecular Theory

Kinetic molecular theory explains gas pressure by linking it to the motion of gas molecules. Gas pressure comes from rapidly moving molecules hitting the walls of a container. It depends on how many molecules strike a unit area in a given time. The theory also helps explain the main gas laws. In Gay-Lussac’s law, also called Amontons’s law, raising temperature increases the average speed and kinetic energy of gas molecules. If volume stays constant, the molecules collide with the walls more...

kinetic molecular theory: molecular velocities, temperature, and kinetic energy

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Gas Particle Speed Distributions and Temperature

Gas particle speed distributions and temperature are key ideas in the kinetic molecular theory. This theory explains the gas laws by describing how gas molecules move, collide, and share energy. Gas molecules do not all move at the same speed. A gas sample has an average speed and an average kinetic energy, but individual molecules move at different speeds. Their collisions are elastic, which means momentum is conserved. Because so many molecules collide, the overall speed distribution stays...

behavior of gas molecules: molecular diffusion, mean free path, and effusion

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Gas Particle Motion, Diffusion, and Effusion

Gas particle motion, diffusion, and effusion explain how gases spread and escape in everyday settings. Gas molecules move at very high speeds, but they collide with other gas molecules and change direction many times before reaching a target. At room temperature, a gas molecule can experience billions of collisions each second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. This distance becomes larger when pressure decreases. In general, the mean free path...

real gases: effects of intermolecular forces and molecular volume deriving van der waals equation

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Real Gases: When the Ideal Gas Law Breaks Down

Real gases are gases that do not always follow the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, especially when pressure is high or temperature is low. The ideal gas model assumes gas particles have no attractive or repulsive forces and take up negligible space compared with the container. At room temperature and 1 atm or less, many gases behave close to ideally. When conditions change, the measured relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can drift away from the ideal prediction. One way to see...

key terms and concepts

Explore how kinetic molecular theory explains gas pressure, particle motion, elastic collisions, and why average kinetic energy depends on kelvin temperature.

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Behavior | JoVE K12

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Interactions Of Matter

Gas laws

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CHEM1.PS1.5

Virginia  Standards of Learning

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Structure and Properties of Matter

HS-PS1-9.

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

comparing-intermolecular-forces-melting-point-boiling-point

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

surface-tension-capillary-action-and-viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded ...

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance&#8212;the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces&#8212;depends ...

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance&#39;s state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the ...

phase-transitions-vaporization-and-condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally ...

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor ...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy ...

phase-transitions-sublimation-and-deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and ...

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance&#8212;isolated from its environment&#8212;is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance ...

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. ...

Use models to explain how changes in energy affect the arrangement and movement of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases, as well as the relative strengths of their intermolecular forces.

PS.Chm.7.1

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Conservation

Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

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Quantifying Work

As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the ...

Enthalpy

Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum ...

Thermochemical Equations

For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure &ndash; with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction &ndash; the ...

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a ...

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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using-differential-scanning-calorimetry-to-measure-changes-in-enthalpy

Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Measure Changes in Enthalpy

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Terry Tritt &#8212; Clemson University
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a method of thermodynamic analysis based on ...

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally ...

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly ...

Enthalpies of Reaction

Hess&rsquo;s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to execute simple calorimetric calculations based on the Law of Conservation of Energy.

PS.Chm.7.2

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any ...

Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law

Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and ...

Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume

The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, &nbsp;suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas ...

Mixtures of Gases: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

Unless individual gases chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other&rsquo;s pressure. Each gas ...

Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles

Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

In addition to measuring quantities ...

The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For ...

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws Explain Properties of Gas Molecules

The test of the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) and its postulates is its ability to explain and describe the behavior of a gas. The various gas laws ...

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy

The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a ...

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many ...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and ...

Ideal Gas Law

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Andreas Z&#252;ttel - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
The ideal gas law describes the behavior ...

Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law
Gases are a fundamental state of matter. A gas is a collection of molecules that have a significant distance between their ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Mass of the Unknown LiquidExpand
	According to the ideal gas law for a given ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the relationships among pressure, temperature, volume, and quantity of gas, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Understand the relationship among pressure, temperature, volume, and phase.

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Behavior

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