Name: how gas pressure, volume, and temperature change
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:26.000Z
Duration: 3 min 19 s
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Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law

The simple gas laws manipulate the four interdependent gas properties &#8212; pressure, temperature, volume, and the number of moles &#8212; to derive relationships between pairs of properties while holding the others constant.

According to Boyle&#8217;s law, when the temperature and number of moles of a gas are held constant, pressure and volume display an inverse relationship. As the volume decreases, the pressure exerted by the gas increases. The product of P and V, therefore, equals a constant. Under two different sets of conditions, the product of initial pressure and volume and the product of final pressure and volume are equal.

Now, if the volume and number of moles are held constant, pressure and temperature display a direct relationship. As the temperature rises, the particles move with greater speed and have more frequent high-energy collisions, and the pressure increases. 

The ratio of P and T, therefore, equals a constant. This is the Gay-Lussac&#8217;s law, which is sometimes referred to as Amontons&#8217;s law. Under two different sets of conditions, the ratio of initial pressure and temperature and the ratio of final pressure and temperature are equal.

Next, consider a balloon that is inflated with a fixed number of moles of a gas. The external pressure of the atmosphere is constant. According to Charles&#8217;s law, if moles and pressure held constant, the volume of a gas and its temperature &#8212; in Kelvin &#8212; display a direct relationship.

With a rise in temperature, the gas particles move faster &#8212; resulting in a greater number of collisions and increasing the volume of the balloon. In contrast, lowering the temperature causes the balloon to shrink and decrease in volume. 

The ratio of V and T equals a constant. Under two different sets of conditions, the ratio of initial volume and temperature and the ratio of final volume and temperature are equal.

Now, suppose the balloon is inflated with more air. According to Avogadro&#8217;s law, when the pressure and temperature are held constant, the volume of the gas and the number of moles display a direct relationship.

The increased number of moles crowds the particles, resulting in a greater number of collisions. This forces the balloon to expand its volume to accommodate the gas particles.

The ratio of volume and number of moles, therefore, equals a constant. Under two different sets of conditions, the ratio of initial volume and number of moles and the ratio of final volume and number of moles are equal.

Combining the expressions of three gas laws, and replacing the proportionality sign by incorporating the ideal gas constant R, gives the ideal gas law. R has the same value for all gases, and it is equal to 8.314 J/mol&#183;K or 0.08206 L&#183;atm/mol&#183;K.

gas laws: boyle's, gay-lussac, charles', avogadro's, and ideal gas law

Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and volume, volume and temperature, and volume and moles, that hold for an ideal gas.

<h4>Pressure and Temperature: Gay-Lussac&#8217;s Law (Amontons&#8217;s Law)</h4>

Imagine filling a rigid container attached to a pressure gauge with gas and then sealing the container so that no gas may escape. If the container is cooled, the gas inside likewise gets colder, and its pressure is observed to decrease. Since the container is rigid and tightly sealed, both the volume and number of moles of gas remain constant. If the sphere is heated, the gas inside gets hotter, and the pressure increases.

Temperature and pressure are linearly related, and this relationship is observed for any sample of gas confined to a constant volume. If the temperature is on the kelvin scale, then P and T are directly proportional (again, when volume and moles of gas are held constant); if the temperature on the kelvin scale increases by a certain factor, the gas pressure increases by the same factor.

This pressure-temperature relationship for gases is known as Gay-Lussac&#8217;s law. The law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the volume is held constant. Mathematically, this can be written as:

<img alt="Gas laws, P&#8733;T or P=k&#215;T, equation illustration, ideal gas behavior relationship" src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-01.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq1" />

where k is a proportionality constant that depends on the identity, amount, and volume of the gas. For a confined, constant volume of gas, the ratio P/T is therefore constant (i.e., P/T = k). If the gas is initially at &#8216;Condition 1&#8217; (with P = P1 and T = T1), and changes to &#8216;Condition 2&#8217; (with P = P2 and T = T2), then

<img alt="Gas Law Equations, P/T=k, diagram of pressure-temperature relation, thermodynamics concept" src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-02.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq2" />

Therefore, 

<img alt="Gay-Lussac's law formula P1/T1=P2/T2 depicting pressure-temperature relationship, diagram." src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-03.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq3" />

Note that for any gas law calculation, the temperatures must be on the kelvin scale. 

<h4>Volume and Temperature: Charles&#8217;s Law</h4>

If a balloon is filled with air and sealed, then the balloon contains a specific amount of air at atmospheric pressure (1 atm). If the balloon is placed in a refrigerator, the gas inside gets cold, and the balloon shrinks (although both the amount of gas and its pressure remain constant). If the balloon is made very cold, it will shrink a great deal. When it is warmed up, the balloon will expand again.

This is an example of the effect of temperature on the volume of a given amount of a confined gas at constant pressure. The volume increases as the temperature increases, and the volume decreases as the temperature decreases.

The relationship between the volume and temperature of a given amount of gas at constant pressure is known as Charles&#8217;s law. The law states that the volume of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the pressure is held constant.

Mathematically, this can be written as:

<img alt="Charles's Law equations shown in a diagram: \(V \propto T\), \(V = k \times T\), \(\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}\)." src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-04.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq4" />

where k is a proportionality constant that depends on the amount and pressure of the gas. For a confined gas at constant pressure, the ratio V/T is constant.

<h4>Volume and Pressure: Boyle&#8217;s Law</h4>

If an airtight syringe is partially filled with air, then the syringe contains a specific amount of air at a constant temperature, say 25 &#176;C. If the plunger is slowly pressed while the temperature remains constant, then the gas in the syringe is compressed into a smaller volume and its pressure increases. If the plunger is extracted, the volume of the gas increases and the pressure decreases.

Decreasing the volume of a contained gas will increase its pressure, and increasing its volume will decrease its pressure. If the volume increases by a certain factor, the pressure decreases by the same factor, and vice versa. Therefore, pressure and volume exhibit inverse proportionality: proportionality: Increasing the pressure results in a decrease in the volume of the gas. Mathematically this can be written:

<img alt="Boyle's Law equations, showing pressure-volume relationship: P &#8733; 1/V, PV=k, P&#8321;V&#8321;=P&#8322;V&#8322;." src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-05.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq5" />

where k is a constant. A plot of P versus V displays a hyperbola. Graphs with curved lines are difficult to read accurately at low or high values of the variables, and they are more difficult to use in fitting theoretical equations and parameters to experimental data. For those reasons, scientists often try to find a way to &#8220;linearize&#8221; their data. Graphically, the relationship between pressure and volume is shown by plotting the inverse of the pressure versus the volume, or the inverse of volume versus the pressure.

The relationship between the volume and pressure of a given amount of gas at constant temperature is given by Boyle&#8217;s law: The volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure under which it is measured.

<h4>Moles of Gas and Volume: Avogadro&#8217;s Law</h4>

The Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro advanced a hypothesis in 1811 to account for the behavior of gases, stating that equal volumes of all gases, measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. Over time, this relationship was supported by many experimental observations as expressed by Avogadro&#8217;s law: For a confined gas, the volume (V) and the number of moles (n) are directly proportional if the pressure and temperature both remain constant.

In equation form, this is written as:

<img alt="Ideal gas law formulas diagram: V&#8733;n, V=k&#215;n, V&#8321;/n&#8321;=V&#8322;/n&#8322;. Equation illustration for chemistry." src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-06.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq6" />

Mathematical relationships can also be determined for the other variable pairs, such as P versus n, and n versus T.

<h4>The Ideal Gas Law</h4>

Combining these four laws yields the ideal gas law, a relation between the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas:

<img alt="Ideal gas law formula PV=nRT in a physics equations diagram." src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-07.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq7" />

Here, R is a constant called the ideal gas constant or the universal gas constant. The units used to express pressure, volume, and temperature determine the proper form of the gas constant as required by dimensional analysis. The most commonly encountered values of R are 0.08206 L&#8901;atm mol&#8211;1&#8901;K&#8211;1 and 8.314 kPa&#8901;L mol&#8211;1&#8901;K&#8211;1.

Gases whose properties of P, V, and T are accurately described by the ideal gas law (or the other gas laws) are said to exhibit ideal behavior or to approximate the traits of an ideal gas. An ideal gas is a hypothetical construct that is only reasonable for gases under conditions of relatively low pressure and high temperature.

The ideal gas equation contains five terms, the gas constant R and the variable properties P, V, n, and T. Specifying any four of these terms will permit the use of the ideal gas law to calculate the fifth term.

If the number of moles of an ideal gas is kept constant under two different sets of conditions, a useful mathematical relationship called the combined gas law (using units of atm, L, and K) is obtained: 

<img alt="Combined gas law formula: (P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2 in equation diagram, thermodynamics concept." src="/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/1036/1036_Equations-08.png" style="height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Eq8" />

Both sets of conditions are equal to the product of n &#215; R (where n = the number of moles of the gas and R is the ideal gas law constant).

This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/9-2-relating-pressure-volume-amount-and-temperature-the-ideal-gas-law">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 9.2: Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law</a>.

Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and ...

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how gas pressure, volume, and temperature change

Gas pressure, volume, temperature, and amount are linked by several gas laws. Scientists found these relationships by studying how a confined gas changes when one variable is held constant and another changes. These patterns apply to an ideal gas, which is a useful model for gases under low pressure and high temperature.

Gay-Lussac’s law, also called Amontons’s law, connects pressure and temperature. If gas is trapped in a rigid container, the volume and number of moles stay constant. When the gas is cooled, its pressure drops. When it is heated, its pressure rises. On the kelvin scale, pressure and temperature are directly proportional, so the ratio P/T stays constant.

Charles’s law describes the link between volume and temperature at constant pressure. A sealed balloon in a refrigerator shrinks because the gas inside gets colder. When the balloon warms, it expands again. In this case, the amount of gas and the pressure stay constant, while volume changes with temperature. On the kelvin scale, volume and temperature are directly proportional, so V/T remains constant.

Boyle’s law explains the relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature. An airtight syringe shows this effect clearly. Pressing the plunger compresses the gas into a smaller volume and raises the pressure. Pulling the plunger out lets the gas expand and lowers the pressure. This is an inverse relationship, so a larger volume means a lower pressure. A graph of P versus V is a hyperbola, which is hard to read at very high or low values. Scientists often linearize the data by plotting inverse pressure or inverse volume instead.

Avogadro’s law connects volume and the number of moles of gas. Amedeo Avogadro proposed in 1811 that equal volumes of gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. For a confined gas, volume and moles are directly proportional when pressure and temperature stay constant. Other pairs of variables, such as pressure versus moles and moles versus temperature, can also be related.

The ideal gas law combines these relationships into one equation that links pressure, volume, temperature, and moles. It uses the gas constant R, which has different values depending on the units, such as 0.08206 L·atm mol−1·K−1 or 8.314 kPa·L mol−1·K−1. Gases that closely follow this model show ideal behavior. The ideal gas law uses five terms, so knowing any four lets you solve for the fifth. If the number of moles stays the same, the combined gas law is also useful for comparing two sets of gas conditions.

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Gas pressure, volume, temperature, and amount are linked by several gas laws. Scientists found these relationships by studying how a confined gas changes when one variable is held constant and another changes. These patterns apply to an ideal gas, which is a useful model for gases under low pressure and high temperature. Gay-Lussac’s law, also called Amontons’s law, connects pressure and temperature. If gas is trapped in a rigid container, the volume and number of moles stay constant. When the...

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Explore Boyle’s, Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, and Avogadro’s laws with simple gas examples, plus the ideal gas law for pressure, volume, temperature, and moles.

How Gas Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Change | JoVE K12

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How Gas Pressure, Volume, and Temperature Change

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