Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

קבוצות פונקציונליות הן אטומים או קבוצות אטומים בתוך תרכובת אורגנית המקנות תכונות כימיות ייחודיות. 
אחת הקבוצות הפונקציונליות החשובות בכימיה אורגנית היא הקבוצה הפונקציונלית הקרבונילית, המורכבת מאטום פחמן הקשור פעמיים לחמצן.
שתי תרכובות אורגניות קרובות על בסיס קרבוניל הן אלדהידים וקטונים. באלדהידים, הפחמן הקרבוניל קשור לקבוצת אלקיל ולאטום מימן. היוצא מן הכלל הוא פורמלדהיד, שבו פחמן קרבוניל קשור לשני מימנים.
בינתיים, בקטונים, אטום הפחמן הקרבוניל קשור לשני אטומי פחמן אחרים בתוך שלד פחמימני.
קבוצת הקרבוניל מהווה חלק מקבוצות פונקציונליות גדולות יותר, כגון קבוצת קרבוקסיל של חומצות קרבוקסיליות, המורכבת מקבוצת הידרוקסיל הקשורה לפחמן הקרבונילי.
נגזרות פונקציונליות של חומצות קרבוקסיליות כוללות אסטרים, שבהם המימן של קבוצת קרבוקסיל מוחלף על ידי קבוצת אלקיל ; amides, שבו OH של קבוצת carboxyl מוחלף על ידי אמין; וכלורידים acyl, שבו OH מוחלף על ידי כלוריד.
קשרים מרובים הם תכונה של קבוצות פונקציונליות אחרות, כגון הקבוצה הפונקציונלית ניטריל או ציאנו, עם אטום פחמן קשור משולשת לחנקן.
בנזן הוא פחמימן ארומטי המיוצג לעתים קרובות כשישה אטומי פחמן בטבעת עם קשרים בודדים וכפולים לסירוגין. בנזן מינוס מימן אחד משמש כפניל – קבוצה פונקציונלית. קבוצת הידרוקסיל המחוברת לטבעת ארומטית מבוססת פניל יוצרת פנול.
אמין הוא קבוצה פונקציונלית שאינה מכילה פחמן המוגדרת על ידי אטום חנקן אלקטרושלילי עם זוג אלקטרונים בודדים הקשורים בנפרד במסגרת פחמימנים. הם מסווגים כראשוניים, משניים ושלישוניים, בהתאם למספר אטומי הפחמן הקשורים לחנקן.
באופן דומה, לקבוצה פונקציונלית של פוספט יש אטום זרחן הקשור באופן קוולנטי לארבעה אטומי חמצן. ניתן לחבר עד שלוש שרשראות פחמימנים לאטומי החמצן הקשורים בנפרד לזרחן כדי לקבל זרחנים אורגניים.

﻿סקירה כללית של קבוצות פונקציונליות מתקדמות

<div style="direction:rtl">
 
 קבוצות פונקציונליות הן קבוצות של אטומים בעלות תכונות כימיות ספציפיות המתרחשות בתוך מולקולות אורגניות ולעיתים מסומנות כ"R". קבוצות פונקציונליות יכולות להפוך תרכובת לפונקציונלית בכך שהיא מאפשרת לה לאמץ תכונות פיזיקליות וכימיות שונות.
 
 
 סוגי קבוצות פונקציונליות מתקדמות
 
 
 הטבלה שלהלן מסכמת כמה מהקבוצות הפונקציונליות העיקריות בכימיה אורגנית.
 

 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">מחלקה של תרכובות אורגניות</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">מבני שלד של תרכובות עם קבוצות פונקציונליות באדום</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">שמות של תרכובות</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">פחמימנים ארומטיים</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">בֶּנזִין</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">פנול</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">פנול (Hydroxybenzene)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אלדהיד</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אתנל (אצטלדהיד)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">קטון</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אֲצֵטוֹן</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">חומצה או אציל כלוריד</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אצטיל כלוריד</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">חומצה קרבוקסילית</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">חומצה אתנואית (חומצה אצטית)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אסתר</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אתיל אצטט</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אמין</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אתילמין</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אמיד</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אצטמיד</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">ניטריל</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">אצטוניטריל</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">פוֹספָט</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phosphate de dihydrogène de méthyle</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 


 
 הטקסט הזה מותאם מ
 
 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters">
 
 Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers
 
 </a>
 
  and 
 
 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">
 
 Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.
 
 </a>

</div>


קבוצות פונקציונליות הן קבוצות של אטומים בעלי תכונות כימיות ספציפיות המתרחשות בתוך מולקולות אורגניות ולעיתים מסומנות כ-"R". ...

Education

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

כימיה אורגנית

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

קשרים קוולנטיים ומבנה

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

advanced-functional-groups-in-organic-chemistry

what is organic chemistry?

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and...

electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers describe how electrons are arranged around the nucleus. An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus with electrons surrounding it. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the quantum mechanical model gives a better picture of this structure than older models. Protons carry a +1 charge and have a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons have no charge and have a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons carry a −1 charge and have a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of...

electron configurations

How Electrons Fill Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling in atoms follows a set order based on orbital energy. The Aufbau principle says each new electron enters the lowest-energy subshell available. The Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can share the same set of four quantum numbers. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity says electrons stay unpaired in equal-energy orbitals when possible. The order of filling follows the relative energies of the subshells. A common sequence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, and so on.

chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds: Types and Strength

Chemical bonds help atoms reach a full valence shell like the nearest noble gas. The main bond types are ionic, covalent, and metallic. Bond energy and bond length also help explain how strong a bond is. An ionic bond forms from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. In many cases, one atom transfers electrons to another atom, and the ions form from that transfer. Ionic bonds have no defined direction because the attraction spreads evenly through three-dimensional space. A...

polar covalent bonds

Electronegativity in Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons unevenly. This happens in covalent bonds between atoms that have similar, but not identical, tendencies to attract electrons. Nonmetal atoms often make these bonds with other nonmetals. Hydrogen gas, H2, is a simple example of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms. A covalent bond begins when two atoms move close enough for their valence orbitals to overlap. In hydrogen, the 1s orbitals overlap and the single electrons on each atom...

lewis structures and formal charges

Lewis Structures, Bonds, and Formal Charge

Lewis structures show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonds and in polyatomic ions. Lewis symbols help draw these structures, and the periodic table helps predict how many valence electrons an atom has and how many bonds it can form to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, already have filled electron configurations. They rarely take part in chemical bonding. Atoms in group 17, such as bromine and iodine, need one more electron to reach an octet, so they can form...

vsepr theory

Molecular Shapes from Electron Pairs

Molecular shape can be predicted from the way electron pairs arrange around a central atom. Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, uses a Lewis structure to count bonding pairs and lone electron pairs. The main idea is simple: electron pairs spread out as far as possible to reduce repulsion. In a molecule, the valence electrons around the central atom can be bonding pairs or lone pairs. Bonding pairs are found mainly between bonded atoms. Lone pairs stay on one atom and...

molecular geometry and dipole moments

Predicting Shape and Molecular Polarity

Molecular shape and molecular polarity can be predicted with VSEPR theory and dipole moments. Start by writing the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion. Then count the electron groups around the central atom. Lone pairs and bonds both count as electron groups, and a single, double, or triple bond each counts as one region of electron density. Use that count to identify the electron-pair geometry. Next, use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure. If more than...

resonance and hybrid structures

Resonance in Nitrite and Carbonate Ions

Resonance explains why some Lewis structures do not match the measured properties of a molecule or ion. When two or more Lewis structures have the same atom arrangement, the real electron distribution is an average of the structures shown. The nitrite anion, NO2−, is one example. It can be drawn in two ways, with the N–O and N=O bonds in different places. If nitrite had one single bond and one double bond, the two bond lengths should be different, because a double bond is shorter and stronger...

valence bond theory and hybridized orbitals

valence-bond-theory-and-hybridized-orbitals

Covalent Bond Overlap and Orbital Hybridization

Covalent bonds form when orbitals on two atoms overlap and their single electrons pair up. The bond is stronger when the overlap is greater. Maximum overlap happens when the orbitals meet along a direct line between the two nuclei. A sigma bond, or σ bond, is the kind of covalent bond found in a single bond in a Lewis structure. In a σ bond, electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis. A pi bond, or π bond, forms when two p orbitals overlap side by side. In a π bond, the...

mo theory and covalent bonding

Bond Order and Molecular Orbitals

Molecular orbital theory explains how electrons are arranged in molecules. It treats electron regions in a molecule much like atomic orbitals in an atom. A molecular orbital is the region of space where a valence electron is most likely to be found. Molecular orbitals form through the linear combination of atomic orbitals, or LCAO. When atomic wave functions combine in phase, they create regions with high electron density. When they combine out of phase, they create nodes, or regions with no...

intermolecular forces and physical properties

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

How Intermolecular Forces Affect Matter

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, and they help explain how matter behaves. These forces influence melting points, boiling points, and whether substances mix with one another. Water has a much higher boiling point than hexane, which shows that water has stronger intermolecular forces. Three main kinds of intermolecular interactions are covered here. They include ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces, which include London dispersion...

solubility

Why Some Substances Dissolve in Water

Solution formation depends on how solutes and solvents interact. A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of a solvent, which is the larger part, and a solute, which is the smaller part. The physical state of a solution is usually the same as the solvent. Concentration is often described as dilute for a low amount of solute or concentrated for a high amount of solute. When a solute dissolves, its particles are surrounded by solvent species. This process is called solvation. If water is the...

introduction to functional groups

Functional Groups and Organic Molecules

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that appear within organic molecules. They are sometimes shown as "R." These groups sit along the carbon backbone of macromolecules, which can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups help functionalize a compound. That means they can give the molecule different physical and chemical properties. In organic chemistry, this change in group structure can strongly affect how a compound behaves. Common...

overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

Learn how advanced functional groups change the properties of organic molecules, with examples including aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines, and more.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry explains basic concepts of stereochemistry, reactions, and mechanisms using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.13

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Matter and Its Interactions: Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties. (P: 6, CC: 1, CI: PS1)

3 Developing possible explanations of phenomena or designing solutions to engineering problems
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  3.2.2 Students will be able to use their understanding of scientific principles and the engineering design process to design solutions that meet established criteria and constraints.*  

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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