Name: newton's first law and reference frames
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:54:21.000Z
Duration: 1 min 3 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Physical Science

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.J

Inertial Frames of Reference

מסגרת הייחוס שבה חוקי ניוטון תקפים נקראת מסגרת ייחוס אינרציאלית. העצם יחסית למסגרת ייחוס זו ממשיך להישאר במנוחה או לנוע במהירות קבועה.
חשבו על מכונית בתנועה. הנוסע נע יחד עם המכונית ביחס לכדור הארץ. כאשר המכונית עוצרת בפתאומיות, הנוסעת חווה דחיפה קדימה למרות שאין כוח נטו הפועל עליה.
למרות שהנוסעת נעה קדימה ביחס למכונית, מהירותה ביחס לכדור הארץ נשמרת.
האינרציה של הנוסע נוטה לשמור על מהירותו ביחס לכדור הארץ בשל חוק התנועה הראשון של ניוטון. כאן, מסגרת הייחוס המצורפת לכדור הארץ יכולה להיחשב כמסגרת התייחסות אינרציאלית.
אף על פי שמהירות כדור הארץ אינה קבועה בשל סיבובו וסיבובו, ניתן לקרב אותו כמסגרת אינרציאלית מכיוון שהשפעותיה זניחות על תנועת עצמים על פני כדור הארץ.

לא הוכרז על ניגוד עניינים.

מסגרות התייחסות אינרציאלית

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 החוק הראשון של ניוטון נחשב בדרך כלל כהצהרה על מסגרות ייחוס. הוא מספק שיטה לזיהוי סוג מיוחד של מסגרת ייחוס: מסגרת הייחוס האינרציאלית. באופן עקרוני, אנו יכולים להפוך את הכוח הנקי על גוף לאפס. אם המהירות שלו ביחס למסגרת נתונה קבועה, אזי אומרים שהמסגרת היא אינרציאלית. אז, בהגדרה, מסגרת ייחוס אינרציאלית היא מסגרת ייחוס שבה החוק הראשון של ניוטון תקף. החוק הראשון של ניוטון חל על עצמים בעלי מהירות קבועה. מעובדה זו, אנו יכולים להסיק את הדברים הבאים:

 מסגרת ייחוס הנעה במהירות קבועה ביחס למסגרת אינרציאלית היא גם אינרציאלית.

 האם מסגרות אינרציאלית נפוצות בטבע? מסתבר שדווקא בתוך שגיאה ניסויית, מסגרת התייחסות במצב מנוחה ביחס לכוכבים הרחוקים ביותר, או ה"קבועים", היא אינרציאלית. כל המסגרות הנעות באופן אחיד ביחס למסגרת בעלת כוכב קבוע זה הן גם אינרציאלית. לדוגמה, מסגרת ייחוס לא מסתובבת המחוברת לשמש היא, לכל המטרות המעשיות, אינרציאלית, מכיוון שמהירותה ביחס לכוכבים הקבועים אינה משתנה ביותר מחלק אחד ב-1010. כדור הארץ מאיץ ביחס לכוכבים הקבועים מכיוון שהוא מסתובב על צירו ומסתובב סביב השמש; לפיכך, מסגרת ייחוס המחוברת למשטח שלה אינה אינרציאלית. עם זאת, עבור רוב הבעיות, מסגרת כזו משמשת כקירוב מדויק מספיק למסגרת אינרציאלית מכיוון שהתאוצה של נקודה על פני כדור הארץ ביחס לכוכבים הקבועים קטנה יחסית (< 3.4 x  ;10−2 m/s2). לפיכך, אנו רואים במסגרות ייחוס מקובעות בכדור הארץ כאינרציאלית אלא אם צוין אחרת. לבסוף, אין מסגרת אינרציאלית מיוחדת יותר מכל מסגרת אחרת. בכל הנוגע לחוקי הטבע, כל מסגרות האינרציה שקולות. בעת ניתוח בעיה, אנו בוחרים מסגרת אינרציאלית אחת על פני אחרת, פשוט על סמך נוחות.


 טקסט זה מותאם מ <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/5-2-newtons-first-law">Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Section 5.2: Newton's First Law.</a>

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החוק הראשון של ניוטון נחשב בדרך כלל להצהרה על מסגרות ייחוס. הוא מספק שיטה לזיהוי סוג מיוחד של התייחסות ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

פיזיקה

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Newton's Laws of Motion

חוקי התנועה של ניוטון

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

newton's first law and reference frames

Newton's first law helps identify inertial reference frames. An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton's first law holds true. In that frame, an object with no net force moves at constant velocity.

A key idea is that any frame moving at constant velocity relative to an inertial frame is also inertial. For that reason, inertial frames can be found by comparing motion from one frame to another. The laws of physics do not give one inertial frame special status over another.

In nature, a frame at rest relative to the most distant fixed stars is inertial within experimental error. Any frame moving uniformly with respect to that fixed-star frame is also inertial. A non-rotating frame attached to the Sun is, for practical purposes, inertial because its velocity relative to the fixed stars changes by less than one part in 10^10.

A frame attached to Earth's surface is not truly inertial because Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun. Even so, the acceleration of a point on Earth's surface relative to the fixed stars is small, less than 3.4 x 10^-2 m/s^2. That is why Earth-fixed frames are usually treated as inertial unless stated otherwise.

Newton's First Law and Reference Frames

force

Understanding Force in Motion

Force is a push or pull that acts on an object. It has both magnitude and direction, so force is a vector quantity. In everyday life, force appears when we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face. Forces also shape matter at the smallest scales. The atoms in our bodies are held together by electrical forces. The nucleus of an atom is held together by nuclear force, which is the strongest force known to us. The study of motion is called kinematics. Kinematics...

types of forces

Contact and Field Forces in Physics

Forces in physics are often grouped as contact forces and field forces. Contact forces happen when objects touch directly. Field forces act without direct physical contact. They come from a field, which is a region of space that can be detected by the force it exerts on a body. Scientists describe four fundamental force fields in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. The gravitational field gives a body its weight. The electromagnetic field includes static...

newton's first law: introduction

Newton's First Law and Inertia

Newton's first law of motion explains inertia and how forces change motion. Motion can be striking to observe, from a dolphin jumping from water to a bird in flight or a satellite moving in orbit. The study of motion is kinematics, which describes velocity and acceleration. Dynamics goes further by examining the forces that affect moving objects and systems. Newton's laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. They are simple in form, but they describe a wide range of natural behavior.

newton's first law: application

Newton's First Law and Friction

Newton's first law explains why friction changes an object's motion. It says that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion keeps moving unless a net external force acts on it. A net external force is the overall force from outside the object that causes a change in velocity, meaning a change in speed or direction. This idea gives a cause-and-effect reason for motion, rather than just describing what we see. Galileo first developed the idea behind the first law of motion, and...

internal and external forces

External Forces and Motion Changes

External forces and motion changes are linked in Newton’s first law. A net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system from outside that object or system. Internal forces come from inside the system of interest. They act on one part of an object and are exerted by another part of the same object. These forces do not cause acceleration when the whole system is studied. When analyzing motion, the internal forces are ignored. Instead, only the external...

newton's second law

Force, Mass, and Acceleration

Newton's second law connects net force, mass, and acceleration. It explains how an object's motion changes when external forces act on it. The law gives a clear cause-and-effect link that can be used to make calculations. All external forces on a system are added together to find the net force, or F net. A larger net external force produces a larger acceleration. The acceleration points in the same direction as the net force. Mass also affects the result. A larger mass means more inertia, so...

mass and weight

Weight Changes, Mass Stays Constant

Mass and weight are related, but they are not the same. In physics, weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on how far the object is from the center of the Earth. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, and it does not change with location. Everyday language can make this difference confusing. Medical records often list body weight in kilograms, even though the correct force unit is the newton. That can make mass and weight seem interchangeable. In physics, however, they...

weightlessness

Weightlessness in Free Fall

Weightlessness happens when contact forces disappear, even though gravity is still present. In physics, an object in free fall has only gravity acting on it. If the net external force on the object is its weight, the object is accelerating toward the center of the Earth. Galileo showed that, without air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration g. On Earth, falling objects are never truly in free fall because air always pushes upward with some resistance force. That is why real...

apparent weight

Scale Readings in Motion and Water

Scale readings can change when an object is moving or submerged in water. The force we call true weight is the gravitational force acting on an object. When motion or fluid forces are present, the reading can differ from that true weight. In water, this changed reading is called apparent weight, and it equals true weight minus the buoyant force. A bathroom scale in an elevator shows how this works. At rest, the scale reads the force the person pushes downward on it. The only forces on the...

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newton's third law: introduction

Newton's Third Law in Force Pairs

Newton's third law explains how force pairs work in motion and interactions. When one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. A simple example is a person pushing on a wall. The wall pushes back on the person with an equal and opposite force. This is why Newton's third law is often described as action and reaction, where the action is the force exerted and the reaction is the force experienced afterward. <br...

newton's third law: examples

Newton's Third Law in Motion

Newton's third law explains how forces come in pairs during motion. It says that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. In these examples, the two forces act on different systems, so they do not cancel each other out. A swimmer pushing off the side of a pool shows this clearly. The swimmer pushes against the wall with their feet and then accelerates in the opposite direction. The wall pushes back with an equal and opposite force. If the swimmer is the system of interest, the wall's...

drawing free-body diagrams: rules

Free-Body Diagrams for Newton’s Laws

Free-body diagrams help students map the forces acting on an object in physics. They are used often when studying and applying Newton’s laws of motion. A clear diagram makes it easier to analyze a system before solving for motion. Start by drawing the object under consideration. If the object is treated like a particle, show it as a point and place that point at the origin of an x-y coordinate system. Then add every force that acts on the object as a vector. Do not include the net force on the...

free body diagrams: examples

Free Body Diagram Force Examples

Free body diagrams show the external forces acting on an object or system. The object is drawn as a single isolated point, or free body, so the forces are easier to analyze. Only forces that come from outside the object or system are included. These forces are shown as vectors pointing away from the free body. A person sitting on a chair is a simple example. The free-body diagram has two forces. The chair exerts an upward normal force, and gravity pulls downward with the weight. A rocket sled...

inertial frames of reference

Newton's first law helps identify inertial reference frames. An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton's first law holds true. In that frame, an object with no net force moves at constant velocity. A key idea is that any frame moving at constant velocity relative to an inertial frame is also inertial. For that reason, inertial frames can be found by comparing motion from one frame to another. The laws of physics do not give one inertial frame special status over another. In nature, a...

non-inertial frames of reference

Why Motion Seems Different in Accelerating Frames

A non-inertial frame of reference is a frame that accelerates, decelerates, or rotates relative to an inertial frame. In these frames, motion can look unusual because the observer is moving with the system. That is why an airplane taking off, a car turning a corner, a merry-go-round, and a tropical cyclone can all be examples of non-inertial motion. These situations can show inertial forces, which seem to appear because the frame itself is accelerating or rotating. The force does not come from...

centrifugal force

Rotating Frames and Pseudo Forces

Pseudo forces, also called fictitious forces, appear in a rotating frame of reference when compared with an inertial frame. They are not real forces. Instead, they are mathematical tools that help make Newton&amp;#39;s laws of motion easier to use in a non-inertial frame. Common examples include centrifugal, Coriolis, and Euler forces. These forces matter in mechanics, astrophysics, and fluid dynamics. In these areas, motion is often described from a frame that is not inertial. That is why...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how Newton's first law identifies inertial reference frames, why Earth is only an approximation, and why all inertial frames are equivalent.

Newton's First Law and Reference Frames | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-2

HS-PS2-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Forces And Motion

Motion

Tennessee Academic Standards

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

PHYS.PS2.14

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.8

PS.8.b

PH.3

PH.3.a

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.3

SC.912.P.12.8

SC.912.P.12.9

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

PHYS.5

PHYS.5.C

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Forces and Interactions

HS-PS2-1.

Newton's Second Law

Newton&#39;s second law is closely related to his first law of motion. It mathematically gives the cause-and-effect relationship between force and changes ...

Second Law: Motion under Same Force

Newton&#39;s laws can be applied to bodies at rest and bodies in motion. Newton&#39;s first law is applied to bodies in equilibrium, whereas the second ...

second-law-motion-under-same-acceleration

Second Law: Motion under Same Acceleration

Newton&#39;s second law of motion applies to bodies moving under the same acceleration. For example, when a baggage tractor pulls luggage carts, each cart ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.  Clarifying Statement: Examples of data could include tables or graphs of position or velocity as a function of time for objects subject to a net unbalanced force, such as a falling object, an object sliding down a ramp, or a moving object being pulled by a constant force.  Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to one-dimensional motion and to macroscopic objects moving at non-relativistic speeds.

3.2.9-12.I

Newton&#8217;s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference ...

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in ...

Linear Momentum

The term momentum is used in various ways in everyday language, most of which are consistent with the precise scientific definition. Generally, momentum ...

Conservation of Momentum: Introduction

The total momentum of a system consisting of N interacting objects is constant in time or is conserved. A system must meet two requirements for its ...

Conservation of Momentum: Problem Solving

Solving problems using the conservation of momentum requires four basic steps:

	Identify a closed system, where the total mass is constant, and no net ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.  Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on the quantitative conservation of momentum in interactions and the qualitative meaning of this principle.  Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to systems of two macroscopic bodies moving in one dimension.

Students who demonstrate understanding can apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision. Clarifying Statement: Examples of evaluation and refinement could include determining the success of the device at protecting an object from damage and modifying the design to improve it. Examples of a device could include a football helmet or a parachute. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to qualitative evaluations and/or algebraic manipulations.

3.2.9-12.K

Gravitation

In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14716.jpg

Newton's Law of Gravitation

Our everyday observation tells us that all objects close to the Earth naturally tend to fall to the ground. Early philosophers assumed that this downward ...

Electric Charges

From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

sources-and-properties-of-electric-charge

Sources and Properties of Electric Charge

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Coulomb's Law

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

the-principle-of-superposition-and-the-gravitational-field

The Principle of Superposition and the Gravitational Field

The principle of superposition applies to gravitational forces of objects that are sufficiently far apart. It states that the net gravitational force on a ...

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Electric Field

Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by ...

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on ...

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations of Newton's Law of Gravitation and Coulomb's Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on both quantitative and conceptual descriptions of gravitational and electric fields. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to systems with two objects.

3.2.9-12.L

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current. Clarifying Statement: N/A Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to designing and conducting investigations with provided materials and tools.

3.2.9-12.M

Newton's First Law and Reference Frames

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