Name: fundamental quantities in engineering mechanics
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T11:49:18.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Physics

PHYS.1

IPC.1.G

Basic Concept

מושגי היסוד של מכניקה הנדסית הם אורך, זמן, מסה וכוח.
חשבו על עצם שנע מנקודה A לנקודה B. המרחק שעבר מתואר לפי אורך באמצעות קואורדינטות ביחס לנקודת ייחוס.
אורך מתאר גם תכונות גיאומטריות של מערכות פיזיקליות, בעוד הזמן מודד את הרצף של אירוע כמו זמן המעבר בין נקודות A ו- B.
מסה היא מדד לכמות החומר בעצם שאינו משתנה עם המיקום, בעוד שכוח נחשב כפעולה של גוף אחד על פני אחר, כמו דחיפה או משיכה, או משיכה כבידתית.
לצורך ניתוח תיאורטי, מכניקה הנדסית משתמשת בכמה הנחות. ראשית, אובייקט נחשב חלקיק עם מסה, אשר גודלו ניתן להזניח.
שנית, ללא קשר לחומר ולעומס שהוחל עליו, החלקיק נחשב לגוף קשיח שבו העיוות מוזנח.
לבסוף, העומס המופעל מיוצג ככוח מרוכז הפועל בנקודה על אובייקט.

<ol>
	<li>היבלר, R.C. (2016). מכניקה הנדסית - סטטיקה ודינמיקה. הובוקן, ניו ג'רזי: אולם פירסון פרנטיס. עמ' 4 \u2012 5.</li>
	<li>באר, פ"פ; ג'ונסטון, א.ר.; מזורק, ד"ו; קרומוול, פי ג'יי ועצמי, ב. (2019). מכניקה וקטורית למהנדסים - סטטיקה ודינמיקה. ניו יורק: מקגרו-היל. עמ' – 3.</li>
	<li>מרים, י"ל; Kraige, L.G., ובולטון, J.N. (2020). מכניקה הנדסית - סטטיקה. הובוקן, ניו ג'רזי: ג'ון ווילי. עמ' – 2.</li>
</ol>

קונספט בסיסי

<div style="direction:rtl">מכניקה הנדסית היא ענף של הנדסה החוקר את התנועה ואת הכוחות הפועלים על עצמים. זהו נושא בסיסי ומהווה בסיס לדיסציפלינות הנדסיות רבות אחרות. אורך, זמן, מסה וכוח הם כמה מושגים בסיסיים במכניקה הנדסית. אורך, המודד את המרחק שעבר אובייקט, הוא מושג בסיסי במכניקה הנדסית. אנו משתמשים בקואורדינטות ביחס לנקודת ייחוס כדי לתאר את המרחק. אורך לא רק עוזר לתאר את המרחק שעבר עצם אלא הוא משמש גם לתיאור התכונות הגיאומטריות של מערכות פיזיקליות. לדוגמה, חשבו על אוטובוס הנוסע מעיר X לעיר Y. ניתן לאתר את מיקומו של האוטובוס בכל זמן נתון בעזרת מערכת קואורדינטות. במקרה זה, האורך אינו מספיק כדי לתאר את האירוע, וכתוצאה מכך, הזמן משמש למדידת רצף של אירוע, כמו זמן הנסיעה בין עיר X לעיר Y. זמן, שמודד את רצף האירועים , הוא מושג בסיסי נוסף במכניקה הנדסית. מסה היא מדד לכמות החומר באובייקט ואינה משתנה עם המיקום. ניתן למדוד את המסה על ידי קביעת המידה שבה עצם מתנגד לשינוי בכיוון או במהירות שלו כאשר מופעל כוח. כוח הוא מושג חשוב נוסף במכניקה הנדסית, המוגדר כפעולה של גוף אחד על גוף אחר. כוחות יכולים לדחוף, למשוך, למשוך או להדוף חפץ אחד למשנהו. כוח הכבידה הוא דוגמה קלאסית לכוח המושך עצמים אחד כלפי השני. דחיפה של חפץ היא דוגמה לשימוש בכוח מגע, בעוד שחתיכת ברזל הנמשכת למגנט היא דוגמה לשימוש בכוח ללא מגע. <a id="_heading=h.gjdgxs"></a>מכניקה הנדסית מסתמכת על הנחות מסוימות כדי לאפשר ניתוח תיאורטי. ראשית, לעתים קרובות מתייחסים לחפץ כאל חלקיק בעל מסה שניתן מוזנחת את גודלו. הפישוט הזה מאפשר לנו לתאר את תנועת האובייקט באמצעות משוואות מתמטיות פשוטות יותר. שנית, ללא קשר לחומר שלו ולעומס המופעל, החלקיק נחשב לגוף קשיח, והדפורמציה מוזנחת. לבסוף, העומס המופעל מיוצג ככוח מרוכז הפועל בנקודה על עצם. לדוגמה, הוא נחשב חלקיק בעת ניתוח יכולת נשיאת העומס של וו מנוף, ללא קשר לגודלו וצורתו. הקרס הוא גוף שאינו ניתן לעיוות, וכוח פועל רק על נקודה מסוימת על הקרס.</div>

מכניקה הנדסית היא ענף בהנדסה החוקר תנועה ואת הכוחות הפועלים על אובייקטים. זהו נושא בסיסי ומהווה את הבסיס של ...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

הנדסת מכונות

Unit 1

יחידה 1

An Introduction to Statics

מבוא לסטטיקה

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

fundamental quantities in engineering mechanics

Engineering mechanics begins with four basic quantities: length, time, mass, and force. These ideas help describe how objects move and how they respond to loads. They also support many other engineering fields.

Length measures the distance traveled by an object. Engineers describe this distance with coordinates relative to a reference point. Length is also useful for showing the geometry of physical systems.

Time measures the succession of an event. A bus traveling from city X to city Y is a simple example. The bus location can be tracked with a coordinate system, but time is needed to measure the travel period.

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It does not change with location. Mass can be related to how much an object resists a change in direction or speed when a force acts on it.

Force is the action of one body on another. It can push, pull, attract, or repel. Gravity is an example of an attractive force. Pushing a surface is a contact force, while an iron piece pulled by a magnet shows a non-contact force.

Engineering mechanics also uses simplifying assumptions to make analysis possible. An object may be treated as a particle with mass, so its size is ignored. It may also be treated as a rigid body, which means deformation is neglected. The load is then shown as a concentrated force acting at a single point, such as when studying the load-carrying capacity of a crane hook.

Fundamental Quantities in Engineering Mechanics

fundamental-quantities-in-engineering-mechanics

an introduction to mechanics

Mechanics in Physics and Engineering

Mechanics is a key branch of physics that explains how objects stay at rest or move when forces act on them. It also has major uses in engineering and science. The topic helps students understand everyday motion, machine behavior, and the way many systems work. The recorded history of mechanics begins with Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC. He linked mechanics with physical theory and looked for a broad universal explanation. Later, Newton defined mechanics as the study of objects at...

basic concept

Engineering mechanics begins with four basic quantities: length, time, mass, and force. These ideas help describe how objects move and how they respond to loads. They also support many other engineering fields. Length measures the distance traveled by an object. Engineers describe this distance with coordinates relative to a reference point. Length is also useful for showing the geometry of physical systems. Time measures the succession of an event. A bus traveling from city X to city Y is a...

newton's law of motion

Newton's Laws and Everyday Motion

Newton's laws explain everyday motion and the forces that change it. These three laws describe why objects move, stay still, or speed up. They also show how force and mass affect motion. Newton's first law is the law of inertia. It says an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion keeps moving at a constant speed and direction unless an external force acts on it. A sliding box that slows down on its own is a good example. In that case, friction is the net external force that works...

newton's law of gravitational attraction

Gravity Between Masses and Distance

Newton’s law of gravitational attraction describes how gravity acts between two objects. Sir Isaac Newton built this law from empirical evidence and inductive reasoning. He published it in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, or the Principia, on July 5, 1687. The law says that the gravitational force between any two objects depends on their masses and their distance apart. The force is proportional to mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects.

units of measurement

SI and Customary Measurement Systems

Mechanical engineering depends on units of measurement for precise and accurate calculations. These units give engineers a standard way to express and compare physical quantities. They are essential when designing and analyzing machines and mechanical systems. Many historical measurement systems have been used over time. Examples include the Babylonian system, the Roman system, the Egyptian system, the Olympian system, the British system, and the Indus Valley system. Today, the International...

international system of units

SI Units and Metric Prefixes

SI units and metric prefixes provide a standard way to measure size, mass, and time. The International System of Units, or SI system, is used worldwide because it gives scientists a common language for measurement. Its values do not change with location, which helps keep results consistent. The SI system is built on three base units: meter, kilogram, and second. These are the core units for length, mass, and time. The kilogram is the only base unit that already includes a prefix. Prefixes...

numerical calculations

Engineering Notation and Significant Figures

Numerical calculations in engineering depend on clear values, correct units, and careful rounding. Presenting the answer is an important part of engineering practice, so numerically accurate results are preferred. Handheld calculators and computers are often used because they help produce accurate answers. Problems can be solved in several ways. Solving algebraic symbols by hand is common, and the graphical method is often preferred in some cases. Computers are especially useful when many...

accuracy, limits, and approximation

Accuracy and Approximation in Calculations

Accuracy and approximation are important in calculations, especially in engineering. Accuracy means how close a measured value is to the true or actual value. Repeated measurements are often used in engineering mechanics to help make results more precise and accurate. The accuracy of a solution depends on empirical data and the results from different calculations or measurements. A cylindrical container filled with liquid is a simple example. Its volume can be found from the measured...

dimensional analysis

Using Dimensions to Check Physics Equations

Dimensional analysis is a useful way to check physics and engineering equations. It works by writing physical quantities in terms of basic dimensions such as mass, length, and time. Quantities like velocity, acceleration, and force are derived from these basic dimensions. This method helps compare measurements even when the units are different. It also checks whether an equation is dimensionally homogeneous. That means the powers of the fundamental dimensions must match on both sides of the...

problem solving in statics

Statics Problem-Solving Steps for Beams

Statics problem-solving uses a step-by-step method to analyze bodies in equilibrium, especially beams. It is an important part of physics and engineering because the goal is to find practical and accurate answers for real situations. The process usually starts with a physical situation and then turns it into a mathematical model. That model often needs approximations and assumptions. Very small distances can be ignored when they are much smaller than the main dimensions, such as beam width...

key terms and concepts

Explore length, time, mass, and force in engineering mechanics, plus key simplifying assumptions like particles, rigid bodies, and concentrated loads.

Fundamental Quantities in Engineering Mechanics | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Mechanical Engineering offers concise, easy-to-understand animated videos covering key topics such as equilibrium, forces, truss analysis, and structural mechanics. Explore their real-world applications, and witness these concepts in action through scientist-led experiments.

mechanical engineering

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

Observational Research

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Solving Problems in Physics

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Naturalistic Observations

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Models, Theories, and Laws

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The Scientific Method

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Observational Learning

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Perspectives on Cognitive Psychology

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As an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Johns Hopkins ...

Case Studies

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Ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations

PHYS.1.A

Study Design in Statistics

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Experimental Designs

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Realism in Experimentation

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Data Collection by Experiments

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Scientific Method

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

The Scientific Method in Nursing Process

The scientific method provides the foundation for any research. It is the most reliable and objective of all forms of gaining knowledge and guides in ...

Observational Studies

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Study Designs in Epidemiology

Consider an example of testing calcium&#39;s effect on a woman&#39;s bone weight.
In an ideal study design, the same woman would be observed in two ...

What is an Experiment?

An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two ...

Categories and Inductive Inferences

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It might be possible for the human brain to keep track of each ...

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From Theory to Design: The Role of Creativity in Designing Experiments

Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco&#8212;Monmouth University

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Apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems

PHYS.1.B

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

electrical-safety-precautions-and-basic-equipment

Electrical Safety Precautions and Basic Equipment

Source: Ali Bazzi, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
Electric machines and power electronics experiments ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards

PHYS.1.C

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

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Scientific Measurement and Lab Skills

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Cleaning Glassware

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Organic synthesis is about transforming a readily ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

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Sample Preparation for Analytical Characterization

Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia
Sample preparation is the way in which&#160;a sample is treated to prepare&#160;for ...

Making Solutions in the Laboratory

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Use appropriate tools such as balances, ballistic carts or equivalent, batteries, computers, constant velocity cars, convex lenses, copper wire, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), data acquisition probes and software, dynamics and force demonstration equipment, electrostatic generators, electrostatic kits, friction blocks, graph paper, graphing technology, hand-held visual spectroscopes, inclined planes, iron filings, lab masses, laser pointers, magnets, magnetic compasses, metric rulers, motion detectors, multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), optics bench, optics kit, photogates, plane mirrors, prisms, protractors, pulleys, resistors, rope or string, scientific calculators, stopwatches, springs, spring scales, switches, tuning forks, wave generators, or other equipment and materials that will produce the same results.

PHYS.1.D

Units and Standards of Measurement

A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

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How Data are Classified: Numerical Data

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Quantitative Analysis

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Qualitative Analysis

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Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence

PHYS.1.E

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

Ogive Graph

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Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

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Life Tables

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It comprises multiple columns, each serving a practical purpose, ...

Contingency Table

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Organize quantitative and qualitative data using bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, data tables, labeled diagrams, and conceptual mathematical relationships

PHYS.1.F

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Problem Solving in Statics

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Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving

Free-body diagrams are essential tools for physicists and engineers studying the motion of objects. Free-body diagrams are graphical representations of ...

Equilibrium and Free-body Diagrams

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Mechanical Systems

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One-Degree-of-Freedom System

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Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems

What is a Hypothesis?

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Null and Alternative Hypotheses

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Distinguish among scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.

PHYS.1.H

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Fundamental Quantities in Engineering Mechanics

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