Name: atmospheric pressure and altitude
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:09.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.5

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

כדור הארץ עטוף בשכבות אוויר, הידועות בשם האטמוספירה. הוא נמשך מטה אל פני השטח על ידי כוח הכבידה, ומפעיל לחץ המכונה לחץ אטמוספרי.
הלחץ האטמוספרי משתנה עם הגובה וניתן לתת אותו במונחים של משקל או צפיפות האוויר. עם זאת, מחוק הגז האידיאלי, הצפיפות תלויה גם בלחץ.
בהנחה שטמפרטורת האוויר והתאוצה כתוצאה מכוח הכבידה נשארות קבועות עם הגובה ועל ידי החלפת הביטוי בצפיפות וסידור מחדש של המשוואה, ניתן לקבל את קצב שינוי הלחץ בגובה.
כאן, הכמויות הקבועות בתוך הסוגריים נקראות אלפא.
המשוואה משולבת אז מגובה פני הים ונפתרת כדי לקבל את היחס בין לחץ לגובה – הנוסחה הברומטרית.
על ידי התחשבות במולקולות חנקן ב 300 קלווין, ניתן לקבל ערך משוער של אחד על פני אלפא, אורך אופייני המכונה גובה סולם לחץ. 
הלחץ האטמוספרי יורד באופן אקספוננציאלי פי אחד מעל e לכל 8,800 מטר מעל פני הים.

<ol>
	<li>OpenStax. (2019). פיזיקה אוניברסיטאית כרך 1. [גרסת אינטרנט]. מקורו בסעיף 14.1 עמ' 696 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/14-1-fluids-density-and-pressure">https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/14-1-fluids-density-and-pressure</a></li>
</ol>

שינוי בלחץ האטמוספרי

<div style="direction:rtl">שינוי בלחץ האטמוספרי עם הגובה מעניין במיוחד. הירידה בלחץ האטמוספרי עם הגדלת הגובה נובעת מירידה בכוח הכבידה ליחידת שטח ככל שאנו מתרחקים מפני השטח של כדור הארץ. בהנחה שטמפרטורת האוויר קבועה בגובה נתון ושחוק הגז האידיאלי של התרמודינמיקה מתאר את האטמוספירה בקירוב טוב, ניתן למצוא את השונות של הלחץ האטמוספרי עם הגובה. תנו ל p(y) להיות הלחץ האטמוספרי בגובה y. הצפיפות ρ ב-y, הטמפרטורה T בסולם קלווין (K), והמסה m של מולקולת אוויר קשורים ללחץ המוחלט לפי חוק הגז האידיאלי, בצורה: <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/14711/14711_Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 38px;"> באמצעות צפיפות מחוק הגז האידיאלי, קצב השונות של הלחץ עם הגובה משולב מגובה פני הים, והביטוי הסופי מתקבל כ: <img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/14711/14711_Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 17px;"> כאשר, <img alt="Equation3" src="/files/ftp_upload/14711/14711_Equation_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 38px;"> הלחץ האטמוספרי יורד באופן אקספוננציאלי עם הגובה, מכיוון שציר ה y מצביע מעלה מהקרקע, ולy יש ערכים חיוביים באטמוספירה שמעל פני הים. הלחץ יורד בגורם של 1/e כאשר הגובה הוא 1/α, מה שנותן לנו פרשנות פיזית לα. הקבוע 1/α הוא סולם אורך המאפיין את האופן שבו הלחץ משתנה עם הגובה ולעתים קרובות מכונה גובה סולם הלחץ.</div>

שינוי בלחץ האטמוספרי עם הגובה מעניין במיוחד. הירידה בלחץ האטמוספרי עם עליית הגובה נובעת מ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14711.jpg

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

פיזיקה

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Fluid Mechanics

מכניקת זורמים

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

atmospheric pressure and altitude

Atmospheric pressure and altitude are closely linked. As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This happens because the gravitational force per unit area becomes smaller as we move away from Earth’s surface.

To describe this change, the atmosphere is treated with a constant air temperature at a given altitude. The ideal gas law of thermodynamics is also used as a good approximation for the air. Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at height y. The density ρ at y, the temperature T in Kelvin, and the mass m of an air molecule are related to absolute pressure by the ideal gas law.

Using the density from the ideal gas law, the rate of change of pressure with height can be integrated from sea level. The result shows that atmospheric pressure drops exponentially with height. Since the y-axis points upward from the ground, y has positive values above sea level in the atmosphere.

The pressure drops by a factor of 1/e when the height reaches 1/α. This gives a physical meaning to α. The constant 1/α is a length scale that describes how pressure changes with height, and it is often called the pressure scale height.

Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

characteristics of fluids

Fluid Behavior Under Force

Fluid behavior under force differs from the behavior of solids. When a force acts parallel to the top surface of a solid, the solid resists it because of internal friction between its layers. This is called shearing resistance. If the force is removed, the shearing forces help the solid return to its original shape. Other deformation forces can also change the shape of a solid for a short time, as long as the force stays below a threshold magnitude. Solids usually keep their shape, which makes...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14710.jpg

density

Density, Floating, and Specific Gravity

Density helps explain why objects sink or float in a fluid. It is also useful for identifying a substance and for learning about its phase and substructure. The SI unit of density is kg/m3, and the cgs unit is g/cm3. Liquids and solids usually have densities that are roughly comparable. That matches the fact that their atoms are in close contact. Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids because their atoms are separated by large amounts of empty space. Density does not always...

pressure of fluids

Fluid Pressure in Everyday Life

Fluid pressure appears in many everyday situations, including blood pressure and weather systems. The same force can have a very different effect depending on the area it acts on. A force spread over 1 mm² creates 100 times more pressure than the same force spread over 1 cm². That is why a sharp needle can pierce skin with a small force, while the same force from a finger usually does not. Pressure is especially important when studying fluids. A fluid does not offer much resistance to a force...

variation of atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure and altitude are closely linked. As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This happens because the gravitational force per unit area becomes smaller as we move away from Earth’s surface. To describe this change, the atmosphere is treated with a constant air temperature at a given altitude. The ideal gas law of thermodynamics is also used as a good approximation for the air. Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at height y. The density ρ at y, the temperature T...

pascal's law

Pascal’s Principle in Static Fluids

Pascal’s principle explains how pressure changes move through a fluid that is not flowing. A fluid at rest is in static equilibrium. If the fluid is water, it is in hydrostatic equilibrium. In this state, the net force on any part of the fluid must be zero, or the fluid will begin to flow. Blaise Pascal described this idea in 1653 in Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids. He showed that when pressure changes in an enclosed fluid, that change is transmitted without loss through the fluid and...

application of pascal's law

Hydraulic Force Transfer with Pascal's Law

Hydraulic force transfer uses Pascal's law to move pressure through an enclosed fluid. Pascal showed experimentally that a change in pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container. That idea is the basis of hydraulics, a major part of modern mechanical technology. Hydraulic systems appear in automotive brakes, hydraulic jacks, and many other machines. A simple hydraulic system uses two pistons at the same height. Because...

pressure gauges

Gauge vs Absolute Pressure

Pressure gauges often show pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Many gauges, including those on scuba tanks, are set to read zero at atmospheric pressure. That reading is called gauge pressure. When the pressure inside the tank is higher than atmospheric pressure, the gauge shows a positive value. Some gauges can also measure negative pressure. This is useful in a vacuum chamber, which is a rigid chamber where some air has been pumped out. Because the pressure inside the chamber is below...

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archimedes' principle

Buoyant Force from Fluid Pressure

Archimedes' principle explains buoyant force in a fluid. An upward buoyant force acts on an object that is partially or fully immersed in a fluid. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. To see why an object floats, imagine removing a submerged object from the fluid. The space it occupied would be filled by fluid with weight w_fl. That weight is supported by the surrounding fluid, so the buoyant force must match the weight of the displaced fluid. The principle...

density and archimedes' principle

How Buoyancy Depends on Density

Buoyancy and density explain why some objects float and others sink. A lump of clay sinks in water, but the same clay can float when it is shaped like a boat. The change in shape lets it displace more water, which increases the buoyant force even though its mass stays the same. The same idea applies to steel ships. An object with an average density lower than the surrounding fluid will float. The fluid has more mass in the same volume, so it has more weight. The buoyant force equals the weight...

accelerating fluids

Fluid Pressure in an Accelerating Elevator

Fluid pressure changes when a liquid accelerates inside a moving container. A beaker placed in an elevator that moves upward with constant acceleration is one example. In this setup, the pressure and buoyant force equations must be modified. To find the pressure difference, the liquid is modeled as a thin vertical cylinder with height h and an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS. Three vertical forces act on this small fluid element. The liquid below the bottom surface pushes upward, the...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14713.jpg

surface tension and surface energy

Why Liquids Form Drops and Float

Surface tension and surface energy explain why liquids behave the way they do at their surface. A paint brush moves freely in water, but its bristles stick together after it is taken out. That change is caused by surface tension. Inside a liquid, bulk molecules feel attractive forces from nearby molecules in all directions. At the surface, molecules feel a net downward pull from the molecules below them. Because of this imbalance, the liquid surface acts like a stretched membrane and tries to...

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excess pressure inside a drop and a bubble

excess-pressure-inside-a-drop-and-a-bubble

Surface Tension in Drops and Bubbles

Surface tension sets the pressure difference in small drops and bubbles. For a tiny liquid drop, gravity can be neglected, so the drop is treated as spherical. It can also be viewed as two equal hemispherical drops joined together by surface tension. The forces on the drop come from three sources. The liquid inside pushes outward, the air outside pushes inward, and surface tension acts along the diameter between the two hemispheres. Since surface tension is force per unit length, it creates a...

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buoyancy

Buoyant Force in Sinking and Floating

Buoyant force explains why objects float, sink, or stay suspended in a fluid. A fluid can be a liquid or a gas, and every object placed in it experiences this upward force. A metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. A submarine also changes its buoyancy to move up or down. The force comes from pressure changes in the fluid. Fluid pressure increases with depth because the weight of the fluid above also increases. That means the bottom of an object feels more pressure than the top. This...

contact angle

Wetting and Surface Curvature

Wetting and surface curvature describe how a liquid behaves where it meets a solid. When a solid is dipped into a liquid, the liquid surface can bend near the contact line. In some cases, the liquid rises along the solid. In others, the surface becomes convex or depressed near the solid. This behavior comes from cohesive and adhesive forces. Adhesive force is the attraction between molecules of different materials, such as a solid and a liquid. Cohesive force is the attraction between...

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rise of liquid in a capillary tube

Capillary Action in Thin Tubes

Capillary action explains why liquid can rise or fall in a very thin tube compared with the liquid around it. A capillary is a narrow cylindrical tube, and the effect becomes noticeable when it is dipped into a liquid. The movement happens because two forces act in opposite directions. Cohesive forces make liquid molecules stick to each other, so the liquid tends to hold together and form a rounded shape. Adhesive forces pull the liquid toward the walls of the container. In a narrow glass...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14738.jpg

laminar and turbulent flow

Fluid Motion Patterns in Air and Water

Fluid dynamics studies fluids in motion. Scientists often use velocity vectors to show fluid motion in places like meteorology. For example, wind in the atmosphere can be mapped with vectors that show the speed and direction of the wind at each point. Another way to show fluid motion is with a streamline. A streamline shows the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow changes with time, the streamlines do not match the flow lines. The fluid velocity is always tangential to...

equation of continuity

Fluid Flow in Narrowing Pipes

Fluid flow in a pipe is described by flow rate and average speed. Flow rate, or volume flow rate, is the amount of fluid that passes a point through an area in a given time. It depends on both how fast the fluid moves and the size and shape of the conduit. For a river or pipe, a greater speed usually means a greater flow rate. A larger cross-sectional area also increases flow rate. That is why the same fluid can move differently through conduits of different sizes. The relationship becomes...

bernoulli's equation

Fluid Pressure and Speed in Motion

Bernoulli's equation connects fluid pressure with fluid speed. It helps explain why moving fluids can create pressure changes in everyday situations. One example is when two trains pass each other quickly and seem to pull inward. The same effect can happen when two cars pass each other at high speed. As the air between the trains or cars speeds up, its pressure drops. The air on the outside stays at atmospheric pressure. That pressure difference creates a net inward force on the vehicles.

bernoulli's principle

Fluid Pressure and Speed Changes

Bernoulli's equation links fluid pressure and fluid speed in a static, incompressible fluid. For horizontal flow, where gravitational energy density stays constant, the equation is especially useful. In that setting, the result is known as Bernoulli's principle. Bernoulli's principle says that fluid pressure drops when speed increases, and pressure rises when speed decreases. This pressure-speed relationship helps explain how moving fluids behave in simple flow situations. It also provides a...

bernoulli's principle: applications

Bernoulli's Principle in Fluid Devices

Bernoulli's principle helps explain how many fluid devices work when the fluid moves at a constant height. It is useful for devices that use fast flow to create low pressure and for devices that measure fluid speed. Some devices use this pressure change to pull one fluid into another. These are called entrainment devices. A Bunsen burner uses an adjustable gas nozzle to entrain air for proper combustion. An atomizer uses a squeeze bulb to make a jet of air that pulls perfume drops into the...

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energy conservation and bernoulli's equation

energy-conservation-and-bernoulli-s-equation

Bernoulli’s Equation in Streamlined Flow

Bernoulli’s equation describes energy in a moving fluid. It comes from the conservation of energy principle, or the work-energy theorem, applied to an incompressible, inviscid fluid in laminar, steady, irrotational flow. The equation says that pressure energy, potential energy, and kinetic energy per unit volume stay constant along a streamline. Each term has the units of energy per unit volume. The kinetic energy per unit volume is called kinetic energy density, and the potential energy per...

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viscosity

Viscosity and How Fluids Flow

Viscosity describes how easily a fluid flows. Water moves quickly, while honey and maple syrup flow slowly and stick to a surface. That difference comes from fluid friction between liquid layers and between a fluid and the material around it. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup. Viscosity is measured in newton-second per meter squared (N·s/m2) or pascal-second (Pa·s). It also changes with temperature and can differ from one fluid to another by several orders...

poiseuille's law and reynolds number

Fluid Resistance, Viscosity, and Flow Regime

Fluid resistance, viscosity, and flow regime shape how liquid moves through a horizontal tube. Fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure. The flow rate, Q, is the ratio of the pressure difference to the resistance in the tube. A larger pressure difference gives a higher flow rate. Poiseuille's law describes laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube. In this relation, the factors that affect flow rate except pressure are grouped into resistance. Resistance depends on the tube size...

stokes' law

Terminal Velocity in a Viscous Fluid

Viscous forces act like friction in a liquid. They resist the relative motion of molecules and pull back on a solid body moving through the fluid. The size of this force depends on the body’s shape and size, its speed, and the liquid’s viscosity, density, and temperature. For a spherical solid object, the force in a fluid is described by Stokes’ law. This law applies only at low Reynolds number, when the flow is laminar and not turbulent. Experiments show that the force is proportional to the...

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key terms and concepts

See how atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, why the drop is exponential, and what the pressure scale height tells us about the atmosphere.

Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

ESS.EES.3.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Earth Science

ES.11

ES.11.a

ES.12

ES.12.e

Alabama Course of Study Science

Earth and Space Science

9-12.ESS.2.7.e

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

9-12.P.1.4

9-12.P.1.4.b

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Meteorology

SM1.1

Igneous Volcanic Rock

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The Carbon Cycle

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Igneous Intrusive Rock

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Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

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Topographic Surveying and Contours

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Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Conditions on Early Earth

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

What is Weather?

Overview

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain how volcanic activity influences changes in Earth's atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the ...

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). ...

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent ...

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another ...

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such ...

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar ...

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. ...

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Role of Water in Human Biology

Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique ...

Carry out investigations to explain the properties of water.

ESS.EES.3.1

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

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