Name: sampling materials in solid, liquid, gas
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:31:54.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

ישנם שלושה סוגים של חומרי דגימה: מוצק, נוזל וגז. דגימות מוצקות יכולות לכלול משקעים שהצטברו בגופי מים, סלעים, מתכות ורקמות ביולוגיות.
משקעים בגופי מים מופקים באמצעות דוגם אחיזה או קורר בוכנה. לדוגמה, לאחר הורדת דוגם אחיזה לאפיק נחל, הדוגם נסגר סביב המשקע כדי לחלץ דגימה. 
דוגמאות לדגימות נוזליות הן מים, דם, שתן וממסים. נפח מדויק של הנוזל ההומוגני נאסף באמצעות פיפטה או מזרק.
ניתן לקבל דגימות מנוזלים הטרוגניים כמו שפכים תעשייתיים באמצעות דוגם אוטומטי, אשר אוסף אותם במרווחי זמן קבועים.
ניתן לאסוף דגימות גזיות מאוויר אטמוספרי, פתחי פליטה וארובות עשן תעשייתיות לצורך ניתוח.
חומרים מוצקים, כגון פחמן פעיל, נמצאים בשימוש נרחב כדי לספוח באופן סלקטיבי תרכובות מטרה מזרם הגז. לאחר מכן מופקת תרכובת המטרה בטכניקות ספיחה ומנותחת בשיטות אנליטיות מתאימות.

שיטות דגימה: סוגי דגימות

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חומרי הדגימה מסווגים לשלושה סוגים עיקריים: מוצק, נוזל וגז.

דגימות מוצקות כוללות מגוון חומרים, כגון משקעים מגופי מים, קרקע, מתכות ורקמות ביולוגיות. שתי שיטות מקובלות להפקת משקעים מגופי מים הן דגימת אחיזה ודגימת בוכנה. דגימת אחיזה כוללת שימוש במכשיר לאיסוף דגימת משקע נפרדת מקרקעית גוף המים עם הפרעה מינימלית. דגימות אחיזה אינן תמיד מייצגות את כל האזור עקב שונות מרחבית (שונות בין מיקומים שונים). דגימת בוכנה היא שיטה המשמשת להפקת עמוד רציף של משקע, שמאפשר ניתוח שינויים לאורך זמן בשכבות המשקע.

ניתן לאסוף דגימה מגופי מים עיליים כמו אגמים או נהרות באמצעות בקבוק דגימה נקי. יש לטבול את הבקבוק לעומק הרצוי כדי למזער זיהום. דגימת דם מתבצעת בדרך כלל באמצעות מזרק המוחדר לווריד לצורך שאיבת נפח דם מסוים. לאחר מכן, הדגימה מועברת למכלים המתאימים לצורך ניתוח נוסף. דגימת שתן כוללת שימוש במכל נקי לאיסוף נפח שתן מסוים. דגימת השתן מועברת לאחר מכן למכלים המתאימים לניתוח. שפכים תעשייתיים הם לרוב נוזלים הטרוגניים המכילים מגוון כימיקלים ומזהמים. דגימת שפכים כאלה מחייבת בדרך כלל שימוש בדוגם אוטומטי, מכשיר שנועד לאסוף דגימות במרווחי זמן קבועים. מכשיר זה מתוכנת לאסוף דגימות מייצגות במרווחי זמן מוגדרים מראש, לצורך ניתוח מקיף של הרכב השפכים.

בדגימת גזים, משתמשים לעיתים קרובות בסופחים מוצקים, כמו פחם פעיל, כדי לספוח באופן בררני תרכובות מטרה מזרם הגז. את התרכובות שספחו על הפחם הפעיל ניתן לחלץ באמצעות שיטות דיסורפציה שונות, כמו חימום או מיצוי ממס. בהתאם לתרכובת הספציפית ולמידע הנדרש, ניתן לנתח את התרכובות שחולצו באמצעות טכניקות אפיון כגון ספקטרוסקופיה או כרומטוגרפיה.
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חומרי הדגימה מסווגים לשלושה סוגים עיקריים: מוצק, נוזל וגז.
דגימות מוצקות כוללות מגוון חומרים, כגון משקעים מ ...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

כימיה אנליטית

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Method Development and Sampling Techniques

פיתוח שיטות וטכניקות דגימה

method-development-and-sampling-techniques

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

sampling materials in solid, liquid, gas

Sampling materials are grouped as solid, liquid, or gas. The type of sample helps decide the right collection method. Solid samples can include sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues.

Sediment sampling from water bodies can be done in two common ways. Grab sampling uses a device to collect a discrete sample from the bottom with minimal disturbance. These samples may not show the full area because conditions can vary from place to place. Piston coring collects a continuous column of sediment. This lets scientists study changes over time in the sediment layers.

Liquid samples are often collected with clean tools to reduce contamination. A sampling bottle can be used for surface water in lakes or rivers. The bottle is submerged to the desired depth before the sample is taken. Blood is usually sampled with a syringe placed into a vein to draw a set volume, then the blood is moved into the correct container for analysis. Urine sampling uses a clean container to collect a measured amount of urine before transfer to suitable containers.

Industrial effluents are often mixed liquids that contain many chemicals and pollutants. They are commonly sampled with an automatic sampler. This device collects samples at set time intervals so the sample better reflects the effluent composition. Gas sampling often uses solid sorbents such as activated carbon. The target compounds are adsorbed onto the carbon, then removed by desorption methods such as heating or solvent extraction. The extracted compounds can then be studied with techniques like spectroscopy or chromatography.

Sampling Materials in Solid, Liquid, Gas

development of analytical methods

Analytical Methods: Technique to Protocol

Analytical methods follow a clear path from technique to protocol. In analytical chemistry, a technique is the scientific principle used to explain a chemical measurement. A method applies that technique to a sample of interest. The next steps are procedure and protocol. A procedure gives the directions for carrying out the analysis with an analytical method. A protocol is the detailed set of guidelines for that procedure, and it should be followed closely to get the desired results. <br...

quality control

Quality Control Charts and Lab Records

Quality control charts, proficiency testing, and lab records are key parts of quality control in a laboratory. These steps help keep a system under statistical control. They also help track data, show trends, and spot variations that may affect the accuracy of an analysis. One common tool is a quality control chart. This chart plots one or more analytical characteristics over time. The measured values are taken at different times during the analysis and compared with the known value of...

quality assurance

Quality Checks in Analytical Testing

Quality assurance in analytical testing brings together the checks that help a system perform properly. It includes quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. These parts work in a cycle to support reliable results. Quality control happens before and during the analysis. Quality assessment takes place during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are then based on the results of post-analysis quality assessment, or they may be applied before a new...

data validation

How Analytical Methods Are Checked

Method validation checks whether an analytical chemistry method gives reliable results. It is especially important when the same method is used with different sample matrices or when the procedure is changed. Validation helps show that the method still meets acceptable standards in each case. Several key checks are used in method validation. Specificity means the method can measure the target analyte without interference from other substances. Linearity means the result changes in direct...

qualitative analysis

Classical and Instrumental Sample ID

Qualitative analysis identifies the elements, ions, or compounds in an unknown sample. It is the first step in the hierarchy of analytical goals. That makes it the starting point for scientific study before quantitative analysis or other forms of analysis. Two main approaches are used in qualitative analysis: classical methods and instrumental methods. Classical methods depend on the visible or sensory result of a chemical reaction, such as a color change, a precipitate, or even a smell. These...

quantitative analysis

Measuring Analyte Concentration

Quantitative analysis measures the amount of a specific substance, called the analyte, in a sample. If the sample composition is unknown, qualitative analysis comes first. That step identifies the components so the correct substances can be measured during the quantitative phase. This method depends on two key measurements. Scientists measure the sample quantity and also a property that is proportional to the amount of analyte. Together, these measurements help determine the analyte...

instrument calibration

Calibrating Lab Instruments for Accurate Results

Calibration helps lab instruments produce accurate and consistent results. It is important in manufacturing, healthcare, testing laboratories, and scientific research. Each instrument needs a calibration process that matches its design and function. This process improves data accuracy and helps results stay reliable. An analytical balance measures mass and needs regular calibration to stay precise. It is calibrated by comparing its readings with known standard weights. These weights act as...

glassware calibration

Calibrating Lab Glassware for Accurate Volume

Calibrating lab glassware helps students measure liquids accurately in the analytical laboratory. It reduces volume errors and supports consistent results across measurements. This matters when using volumetric flasks, pipettes, burettes, and other tools that depend on precise volume readings. Volumetric flasks are used to prepare aqueous solutions with a precise final volume. They have a calibration line on the neck. To calibrate one, fill it with distilled water until the meniscus, the...

standard solutions

Preparing Standard Solutions in the Lab

Standard solutions are prepared to have a precisely known concentration or composition. In analytical chemistry, this accuracy is important because it supports reliable results. A primary standard is a highly pure, stable substance with a high molar mass. It is fully soluble in water, which is the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. A primary standard solution can be used to standardize a secondary standard. Secondary standards have known concentrations, but they are usually...

blank solutions

Blank Solutions in Analytical Testing

Blank solutions are used in analytical testing to show the background signal before a sample is measured. A blank solution does not contain the analyte, which is the substance of interest being tested or measured. It is usually made with the same reagents and procedure as the sample solution, but without the analyte. The main purpose of a blank solution is to control for background interference and contamination. Reagents, solvents, or lab equipment can sometimes create a detectable signal on...

sampling methods: overview

How Sampling Shapes Lab Results

Sampling shapes lab results by determining how a smaller sample represents a larger population. In analytical chemistry, testing an entire population is often impractical or impossible, so samples are collected to make inferences about the whole group. The sampling method is the process used to choose individuals or items for that sample. Common sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. Each method can affect the quality of the data in a...

sampling methods: sample types

Sampling materials are grouped as solid, liquid, or gas. The type of sample helps decide the right collection method. Solid samples can include sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Sediment sampling from water bodies can be done in two common ways. Grab sampling uses a device to collect a discrete sample from the bottom with minimal disturbance. These samples may not show the full area because conditions can vary from place to place. Piston coring collects a...

sampling plans

Choosing Samples for Reliable Results

Sampling is a key step in analytical chemistry. It helps researchers collect data that represents a larger population. The main sampling methods in this topic are random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. Random sampling gives each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen. Researchers often use a random number generator or a lottery-style method. For example, a polymer sheet can be divided into 1 cm x 1 cm sections, and 10 sections can be selected at...

sample preparation for analysis: overview

Preparing Samples by State and Form

Sample preparation depends on the state and form of the sample before analysis. It helps make the sample ready for accurate measurement. The main goal is to extract the analyte, which is the substance being measured, and remove parts that could interfere with the analysis. Solid samples often need the most handling. Large solids are usually ground, crushed, or milled to make them smaller and increase surface area. The sample is then sieved and mixed so it has a uniform composition. After that,...

sample preparation for analysis: advanced techniques

sample-preparation-for-analysis-advanced-techniques

Preparing Complex Samples for Analysis

Preparing complex samples for analysis often requires special digestion and fusion methods. Samples with inorganic or organic material can be hard to dissolve or break down. Common sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion. These steps help turn difficult samples into forms that can be tested reliably and again with similar results. Acid digestion is often used for inorganic materials that do not dissolve in water. It is useful for soil and...

sample handling

Sample Transport and Storage Basics

Sample transport and storage help keep specimens intact before testing. Moving a sample from the collection point to the laboratory requires careful handling. The sample should be sealed well and clearly labeled. These steps help prevent cross-contamination and support reliable results. Temperature control is also important during transport. Some samples travel in insulated containers, cool packs, or refrigerated vehicles so they stay within the needed temperature range. After the samples...

contaminants and errors

Sampling Errors in Sample Preparation

Sampling errors in sample preparation can affect the accuracy of laboratory results. Two common problems are concentration bias from poor sample splitting and contamination from reducing particle size by grinding or homogenization. Recognizing these errors helps make analysis more reliable. The number of samples also matters when a target population follows a normal distribution. In that case, the sample size ns can be found with a formula that uses the t-value for the chosen confidence level,...

key terms and concepts

Explore how solid, liquid, and gas samples are collected, from sediment cores and water bottles to blood, urine, effluents, and activated carbon gas sampling.

Sampling Materials in Solid, Liquid, Gas | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

Sampling Materials in Solid, Liquid, Gas

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