Name: icp-aes torch and sample analysis
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:32:15.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

פלזמה מצומדת אינדוקטיבית, או ICP, היא מקור פלזמה נפוץ בספקטרוסקופיית פליטה אטומית.
הוא משתמש בלפיד פלזמה המורכב משלושה צינורות קוורץ קונצנטריים עם גז ארגון זורם, אשר מיונן על ידי ניצוץ מסליל טסלה.
היונים והאלקטרונים המתקבלים מתקשרים עם השדה המגנטי המשתנה שנוצר על ידי סליל השראה בתדר רדיו מקורר מים.
אינטראקציה זו מובילה לחימום אוהמי, ויוצרת פלזמה ארגונית בטמפרטורה גבוהה עם ליבה לבנה מבריקה וזנב דמוי להבה.
ב-ICP-AES, נבולייזר זכוכית קונצנטרי משמש להובלת הדגימה בעזרת גז ארגון במהירות גבוהה ליצירת טיפות עדינות על ידי אפקט ברנולי – שנכנס לפלזמה.
לחלופין, ניתן להשתמש באידוי אלקטרותרמי, שבו הדגימה מתאדה בכבשן, וזרם ארגון נושא אותה לתוך הפלזמה.
מקור הפלזמה מציע יתרונות שונים, כמו אטומיזציה בסביבה אינרטית מבחינה כימית המונעת היווצרות תחמוצת עקשנית ומאריכה את חיי האנליט.
בנוסף, הוא שומר על חתך טמפרטורה אחיד יחסית, ומפחית התרחשויות של ספיגה עצמית והיפוך עצמי.

ספקטרוסקופיית פליטה אטומית פלזמתית מצומדת אינדוקטיבית: עיקרון

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

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מקור פלזמה בהשראה אינדוקטיבית (ICP) הוא מקור הפלזמה הנפוץ ביותר בספקטרוסקופיית פליטה אטומית (AES), המכונה גם ספקטרוסקופיית פליטה אופטית של פלזמה בהשראה אינדוקטיבית (ICP-OES). מקור ה-ICP, או הלפיד, מורכב משלושה צינורות קוורץ קונצנטריים עם זרימת גז ארגון בתוכם. ניצוץ מסליל טסלה מתחיל את יינון הארגון, ויוצר פלזמה בטמפרטורה גבוהה.

היונים והאלקטרונים הנוצרים באינטראקציה עם השדה המגנטי המשתנה הנוצר על ידי סליל השראה מקורר מים שמוזן על ידי גנרטור בתדר רדיו. אינטראקציה זו מובילה לחימום אוהמי, יצירת פלזמה בטמפרטורה גבוהה, ומספקת סביבה אופטימלית לניתוח אלמנטי. הכנסת הדגימה ב-ICP-AES יכולה להתבצע בשיטות שונות, כגון nebulizer זכוכית קונצנטרי או אידוי אלקטרו-תרמי. בשיטה הראשונה, הדגימה מועברת על ידי אפקט ברנולי בעזרת גז ארגון במהירות גבוהה, ויוצרת טיפות עדינות הנכנסות לפלזמה. בשיטה השנייה, הדגימה מתאדה בתנור לפני הכנסתה לפלזמה דרך זרם ארגון.

תצורות לספקטרומטרי ICP כוללות צפייה רדיאלית או אקסיאלית. פלזמה בעלת אוריינטציה אופקית וצפייה אקסיאלית אידיאלית לניתוחים בעלי רגישות גבוהה. היא כוללת ממשק קונוס מקורר ייחודי (CCI) שמונע מהאופטיקה להתחשב בזנב הפלזמה הקר יותר, מצמצמת הפרעות ומשפרת את סבילות המערכת למוצקים מומסים בריכוז גבוה. פלזמה בעלת אוריינטציה אנכית וצפייה רדיאלית מתאימה ליישומים מאתגרים, כמו ניתוח שמנים, ממסים אורגניים, דגימות גיאולוגיות/מתכתיות, ותמיסות עם ריכוז גבוה של מוצקים מומסים (TDS).

קווי מתאר איזותרמיים מציגים את טווחי הטמפרטורות שהאטומים בדגימה חווים בפלזמה במהלך זמן השהייה שלהם לפני ההגעה לנקודת התצפית. זה מוביל לאטומיזציה מלאה יותר ולהפחתת הפרעות כימיות. מקור ה-ICP ב-AES מציע יתרונות רבים, כולל אטומיזציה כימית אינרטית, חלוקת טמפרטורה אחידה, עקומות כיול לינאריות בטווח רחב של ריכוזים, ויינון משמעותי, מה שהופך אותו לבחירה מצוינת ליישומי ICP-MS.
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פלזמה מצומדת אינדוקטיבית (ICP) היא מקור הפלזמה הנפוץ ביותר בספקטרוסקופיית פליטה אטומית (AES), הידוע גם בשם פלזמה מצומדת אינדוקטיבית ...

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy-principle

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

כימיה אנליטית

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Atomic Spectroscopy

ספקטרוסקופיה אטומית

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

icp-aes torch and sample analysis

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis.

The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The charged particles then interact with the changing magnetic field from a water-cooled induction coil powered by a radio-frequency generator. This interaction produces ohmic heating, which helps keep the plasma hot.

Samples can enter the plasma in more than one way. A concentric glass nebulizer uses high-velocity argon gas and the Bernoulli effect to carry the sample as fine droplets. Another method is electrothermal vaporization, where the sample is first vaporized in a furnace and then sent into the plasma with argon gas.

ICP spectrometers can use radial or axial viewing. Horizontally oriented, axially viewed plasma is better for high-sensitivity work. It uses a cooled cone interface, or CCI, to keep the optics from using the cooler tail of the plasma. This reduces interference and helps the system handle samples with high dissolved solids. Vertically oriented, radially viewed plasma is useful for difficult samples such as oils, organic solvents, geological or metal digests, and solutions with high total dissolved solids, or TDS.

Isothermal contours show the temperature range that sample atoms experience while they stay in the plasma before reaching the observation point. This helps produce more complete atomization and fewer chemical interferences. The ICP source also offers chemically inert atomization, a uniform temperature distribution, linear calibration curves over a wide range of concentrations, and strong ionization. These features make ICP a useful source for ICP-MS applications as well.

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence

atomic-spectroscopy-absorption-emission-and-fluorescence

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample...

atomic spectroscopy: effects of temperature

atomic-spectroscopy-effects-of-temperature

How Heat Changes Atomic Spectra

Heat changes atomic spectra by affecting atomization, excitation, ionization, and line shape. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization means converting a sample into gas-phase atoms and ions. The flame temperature needed for this step changes how efficiently the method works and shifts the balance between excited and ground-state atoms. At thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of excited and ground-state atoms can be estimated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A small temperature rise...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Metals

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures trace metals by tracking how atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The absorbed light makes atoms move to a higher-energy orbit. In AAS, the key step is atomization, which converts the sample into gas-phase atoms. A flame or a furnace is typically used for this step. Inside the flame, some atoms become thermally excited. Most stay in the ground state, which is the lowest-energy state. These ground-state gas-phase atoms absorb EMR only when...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Key Parts

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry uses a set of key parts to measure light absorbed by atoms. The main components are a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. Each part has a specific job in the instrument. The radiation source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp, or HCL, or an electrodeless-discharge lamp, or EDL. Both produce a narrow emission line at the needed wavelength. Some instruments instead use continuum sources with high-resolution monochromators to narrow...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: radiation and light sources

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-radiation-and-light-sources

Choosing Light Sources for AAS Measurements

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) uses a light source that emits a very narrow range of wavelengths. This is needed because the source must match the absorption behavior of the analyte atom. The choice of source also depends on giving a precise, intense emission at the right wavelength for accurate detection. Two common line sources in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless-discharge lamps (EDLs). These lamps are selected based on the element being analyzed and the level of...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: atomization methods

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-atomization-methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Sample Atomization

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses sample atomization to turn a liquid specimen into free atoms for analysis. The two main approaches are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization. Both methods prepare the sample so its atoms can be measured by the instrument. Flame atomization uses a nebulizer and spray chamber to mix the sample with a fuel-oxidant mixture. This creates a fine aerosol mist that enters the burner. The fuel and oxidant are usually close to a stoichiometric ratio, but a...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: interference

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-interference

Correcting Errors in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy interference can create systematic error by making the analytical signal or the background look stronger or weaker than it should be. In atomic absorption measurements, these errors are usually grouped as spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference. Spectral interference happens when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, the substance being measured. This overlap can falsely raise or hide the analyte...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: lab

AAS Sample Prep and Calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) depends on careful sample preparation and calibration. Samples must be turned into clear solutions before measurement. That often means extra treatment to dissolve materials such as soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common sample prep methods include hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, and fusion with reagents. These steps help make the sample suitable for AAS analysis. Solutions that contain organic...

atomic emission spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there. AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers,...

atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-instrumentation

AES Sample Handling and Detection

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) uses sample handling, atomization, and detection parts to measure emitted light from atoms and ions. The sample must first be changed into a gas-phase form so it can produce a measurable signal. AES uses two main atomizer types. Continuous atomizers, such as flames and plasmas, feed the sample in a steady stream. Discrete atomizers add one sample at a time with syringes or autosamplers. The electrothermal atomizer is the most common discrete type. Many...

atomic emission spectroscopy: interference

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-interference

Reducing Interference in AES Signals

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) can produce interfering signals when atoms and molecules in a flame or plasma emit overlapping light. High-temperature atomizers excite many species at once, including oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products. These extra emissions can make the analyte signal harder to read. Spectral interference happens when emission lines or bands overlap. One way to reduce it is to improve instrument resolution. Another is to choose a different emission line for...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: principle

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis. The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

ICP-AES Instrument Types and Detection

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, uses an inductively coupled plasma to detect and analyze elements in a sample. The method measures the light given off by atoms, which helps identify and compare different elements. It is a common approach in atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-AES instruments are built in three main forms: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments. Fourier transform designs are less commonly used, but they are...

atomic emission spectroscopy: lab

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences. Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic...

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Measuring Elements by Atomic Fluorescence

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures elements by detecting the light atoms give off after they are excited by electromagnetic radiation. The atoms are first placed in a flame, furnace, or plasma. They absorb energy, become excited, and then release that energy as they return to their original state. The emitted light is called fluorescence. The fluorescence is observed at a right angle to the incoming beam. This setup helps separate the emitted light from the light used to excite the...

flame photometry: overview

Flame Emission Spectrometry Basics

Flame emission spectrometry uses a flame to excite elements in a sample so their light can be measured. It is also called flame photometry. The method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The idea became established in the early 1860s when Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that specific elements give off characteristic radiation in a flame. The first instrument for this purpose measured sodium in plant ash with a Bunsen flame. A major problem was how to add the...

flame photometry: lab

Flame Photometry and Metal Detection

Flame photometry is a method for detecting metals by measuring the light they emit in a flame. A solution such as potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame. The solvent evaporates first. The remaining salt becomes dehydrated and then dissociates into free gaseous atoms in the ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame and move to an excited state. When they return to the ground state, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths. These emissions are very narrow...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the ICP torch, argon plasma, sample introduction, and axial or radial viewing support elemental analysis in ICP-AES and ICP-OES.

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

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ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

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