The central calculation separates the specimen’s measured restoring force from forces represented numerically. Inertial and damping forces are computed, while the restoring force comes from the physical specimen. Combining these contributions allows the numerical model to determine the structural response at each stage, so the experiment captures interaction between tested hardware and calculated earthquake-response effects.
Pseudo-dynamic testing relies on step-by-step numerical integration to calculate the target displacement required at each stage of the experiment. The numerical scheme uses the evolving force response to update the structural state, and actuators then impose the calculated displacement on the specimen. This sequential exchange links computational analysis with the specimen’s changing physical behavior.
Unlike a full-scale shaking table, this method does not need to physically reproduce the complete earthquake motion across the entire specimen at once. Instead, numerical analysis calculates the response while actuators apply the resulting displacement. This hybrid arrangement can reproduce realistic seismic response under controlled laboratory conditions and supports testing when shaking-table use is impractical.
Test results can show changes in strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, and damage progression as the specimen experiences earthquake-like loading. Together, these measures indicate how structural behavior evolves and whether a component or system maintains the intended seismic performance. The information supports engineering assessment of both individual elements and broader structural response.
An experimental sequence begins by applying a calculated target displacement to the physical specimen through actuators. The resulting restoring force is measured, while inertial and damping forces are computed numerically. A step-by-step integration scheme then updates the next target displacement, and the cycle continues to reproduce the intended structural response for the test conditions.
The approach can be applied to structural components, connections, damping systems, and retrofit strategies. By physically testing the selected hardware while calculating the remaining response forces, researchers can examine how each system affects strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, and damage development. These observations help assess seismic performance in controlled laboratory investigations.