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Microeconomics
Incertezza e valore atteso
Incertezza e valore atteso
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
Uncertainty and Expected Value

20.1: Incertezza e valore atteso

420 Views
01:23 min
March 17, 2025
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

Spesso accade che le persone affrontino situazioni incerte. L'incertezza sorge quando i risultati futuri sono sconosciuti e influenzati dal caso o da fattori esterni. Ad esempio, uno studente universitario potrebbe ottenere un lavoro ben pagato poco dopo la laurea, oppure rimanere disoccupato per molto tempo.

Un altro esempio di incertezza è dato da una squadra di basket che gioca l'ultima partita di un campionato. La squadra potrebbe vincere l'ultima partita del campionato e guadagnare il premio in denaro, o perdere e non guadagnare nulla.

I risultati sono i risultati potenziali di un evento incerto. Ad esempio, in un campionato di basket, i risultati sono vincere la partita e il campionato, o perdere entrambi.

I guadagni rappresentano il valore associato a ciascun risultato. Supponiamo che la squadra riceva 10.000$ se vince e 6.000$ se perde. Quindi, i guadagni in questo esempio sono 10.000$ e 6.000$.

La probabilità quantifica la probabilità di risultati diversi in situazioni incerte. Ad esempio, si suppone che la squadra di basket abbia una probabilità di 0,5 di vincere la finale e una probabilità di 0,5 di perdere.

Il valore atteso è uno strumento utile per valutare situazioni incerte. Rappresenta il guadagno medio tra tutti i possibili risultati, ponderato in base alle loro probabilità. Viene calcolato sommando i prodotti di ciascun guadagno e la sua probabilità associata. È espresso come:

Valore atteso = (P_1×X_1) + (P_2×X_2)

dove P_1 e P_2 sono le probabilità dei due risultati e X_1 e X_2 sono i loro guadagni corrispondenti.

Nel nostro caso, il guadagno atteso, che è la stima dei guadagni attesi della squadra, diventa:

(0,5×10.000$) + (0,5×6.000$) = 8.000$

Questa analisi è utile nel processo decisionale in condizioni di incertezza.

Transcript

People face uncertain situations. 

For example, Nicole’s manager informs her that she will receive a higher bonus if the company performs well and a lower bonus if its performance is average.

Outcomes are the possible results in uncertain situations. For Nicole, these are higher or lower bonuses depending on the company’s performance.

Payoffs represent the value associated with each outcome. For Nicole, the payoffs are $10,000 for a higher bonus and $5,000 for a lower bonus.

Probability is a measure of the likelihood that a particular outcome will occur in a situation of uncertainty. For example, the probability of the company performing well or on average is assumed to be 0.5 each.

The expected value is calculated by multiplying each payoff by its probability of occurring and then summing the weighted payoffs.

Here, the expected value is the product of a $10,000 payoff, and its 0.5 probability added to the product of a $5,000 payoff and its 0.5 probability, resulting in $7,500.

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Uncertainty - Situation wherein unknown future outcomes are majorly influenced by chance or exterior factors.
  • Outcome - Possible result originated from uncertain situations.
  • Payoff - Value attached to the outcomes.
  • Probability - Statistical assessment of the likelihood of different consequences in uncertain conditions.
  • Expected Value - Average payoff throughout all possible outcomes, addressed in ratio by their likelihood of occurrence.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Uncertainty – Comprehend its occurrence through different scenarios (e.g., student's job chances post graduation).
  • Contrast Outcome vs Payoff – Distinguish between the two in terms of value and the final result (e.g., championship game).
  • Explore Examples – Demonstrate how uncertainty plays out in real-world scenarios (e.g., basketball championship).
  • Explain Probability – Understand its role in determining outcomes.
  • Apply Expected Value in Context – Describe how it helps in making decisions under uncertainty.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is uncertainty and how does it affect outcomes?
  • How does a payoff differ from an outcome in an uncertain situation?
  • How does probability impact the expected value?

This video is also useful for

  • Students – Gain insight into how uncertainty plays out in various spheres of life.
  • Educators – Offers a framework for making complex statistical concepts relatable.
  • Researchers – Can assess decisions and behaviors under uncertainty.
  • Decision Makers – Helps in decision-making process considering the various uncertain factors.

Explore More Videos

Incertezza Valore atteso Risultati Pagamenti Probabilità Processo decisionale Studente universitario Campionato di basket Probabilità di vincita Guadagno medio Valutazione del rischio Valutazione finanziaria

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