Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">Cromatografia di pigmenti vegetali e dischi fogliari galleggianti nel vuoto
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="Strisce per cromatografia (striscia 18 X 3-4 cm)">Strisce per cromatografia (striscia 18 X 3-4 cm)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Solvente per cromatografia (90% etere di petrolio e 10% acetone, 10 mL)">Solvente per cromatografia (90% etere di petrolio e 10% acetone, 10 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value="mL">mL</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Scovolini">Scovini</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Siringhe monouso in plastica (20 mL)">Siringhe monouso in plastica (20 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Graffette">Graffette</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Petridish ">Petridish </div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Bicchieri di plastica/vetro (400 mL)">Bicchieri di plastica/vetro (400 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Perforatore ">Perforatore </div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Righello">Righello</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Marcatore indelebile">Marcatore indelebile</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Matita">Matita</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Detersivo liquido per piatti Dawn (1 Bottiglia)">Detersivo liquido per piatti Dawn (1 Bottiglia)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value="per stazione">per stazione</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Foglie di spinaci ">Foglie di spinaci </div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value="Dipendente dalle dimensioni del laboratorio ">Dipendente dalle dimensioni del laboratorio </span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Bicarbonato di sodio/bicarbonato di sodio">Bicarbonato di sodio/bicarbonato di sodio</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantità">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unità" data-value="Dipendente dalle dimensioni del laboratorio ">Dipendente dalle dimensioni del laboratorio </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

fotosintesi

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse=""">Cromatografia di pigmenti vegetali e dischi fogliari galleggianti nel vuoto
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">Il giorno prima dell'esperimento, riempi un contenitore con acqua.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Metti le foglie di spinaci nell'acqua e assicurati che siano sommerse.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">Lascia le foglie di spinaci in ammollo per una notte a temperatura ambiente.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Indossando i guanti, prepara e misura sezioni di carta per cromatografia di 18 cm x 304 cm.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Prepara una soluzione di bicarbonato per il secondo esperimento combinando 0,25 g di NaHCO3 con 300 ml di acqua. Aggiungi una spruzzata di detersivo per i piatti alla soluzione e mescola delicatamente.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">Se la soluzione è ancora schiumosa, aggiungi altro bicarbonato.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">Per la soluzione di controllo, combina 300 ml di acqua con una spruzzata di detersivo per piatti. Mescolate delicatamente e cercate di evitare la formazione di schiuma.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">Poco prima dell'inizio dell'esperimento, seleziona alcune foglie di spinaci di simile morbidezza e spessore senza troppe venature grandi.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">Usa un perforatore per creare 20 dischi uniformi dalle foglie per ogni studente o gruppo.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Cos'è la fotosintesi?</h4><p>La fotosintesi è la conversione della luce solare in energia utilizzabile e immagazzinabile. Gli autotrofi (come le piante) utilizzano l'anidride carbonica, l'acqua e l'energia sfruttata dalla luce solare per generare glucosio e ossigeno attraverso la fotosintesi, fornendo così una delle principali fonti di energia nella rete alimentare.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Come fanno le piante a sfruttare l'energia del sole?</h4><p...

Fotosintesi

Cromatografia di pigmenti vegetali e dischi fogliari galleggianti sotto vuoto
EspandiIl giorno prima dell'esperimento, riempi un contenitore con acqua.
Mettere gli spinaci...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Lab Manual

Biologia

Cellular Processes

Processi cellulari

Lab Manual Sub Articles

Sotto-articoli del Manuale di Laboratorio

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>Ti sei mai chiesto perché ogni autunno le foglie degli alberi cambiano dal verde alle sfumature del giallo, dell'arancione e del rosso? Cosa dà alle foglie i loro colori vivaci in primo luogo? La risposta sta negli organelli vegetali chiamati cloroplasti, che contengono pigmenti che assorbono determinate lunghezze d'onda alla luce del sole e ne riflettono altre. Un pigmento particolare, la clorofilla, è il più abbondante in estate. Assorbe le lunghezze d'onda ad alta energia, viola, blu e rosse dalla luce solare e riflette le lunghezze d'onda verdi conferendo alle foglie il loro aspetto verde. Ci sono altri pigmenti nelle foglie, come i carotenoidi, che riflettono la luce rossa e gialla. In autunno le foglie smettono di reintegrare i loro pigmenti. Poiché la clorofilla si degrada più velocemente degli altri pigmenti, i colori di questi carotenoidi vengono smascherati.</p><p>La presenza di diversi pigmenti in una foglia verde può essere dimostrata con la carta per cromatografia, un polimero idrofilo che separa le molecole in base alla loro solubilità in un particolare solvente. Innanzitutto, l'estratto di foglie viene caricato sulla carta. Quando la carta viene immersa in un solvente organico idrofobo, il solvente viaggia lungo la carta a causa dell'azione capillare e lungo il percorso separa i diversi pigmenti nell'estratto di foglie. I pigmenti più idrofobici vengono trasportati più in alto nella carta. Mentre i pigmenti idrofili si legano alla cellulosa che ne ostacola il movimento. Dopo che tutti i pigmenti sono stati ordinati in base alla loro idrofobicità, possiamo calcolare il fattore di ritenzione o i valori Rf. Il valore Rf è il rapporto tra la distanza percorsa da un pigmento e la distanza percorsa dal solvente. Ogni pigmento ha un valore Rf univoco e possiamo facilmente identificare i pigmenti confrontando i valori calcolati con gli standard. La fotosintesi, il processo mediante il quale le piante convertono l'anidride carbonica, l'acqua e l'energia luminosa in energia chimica e ossigeno, viene effettuata principalmente nelle foglie di una pianta e la clorofilla svolge un ruolo fondamentale in questo processo. I cloroplasti contengono dozzine di molecole di clorofilla, ognuna delle quali svolge un compito specifico e interagisce in modi complessi. In definitiva, l'energia luminosa fa sì che le molecole di clorofilla clorofichino gli elettroni che vengono utilizzati in altri processi metabolici. Pertanto, la clorofilla ha bisogno di un rifornimento continuo di elettroni per sostituire quelli che perde. Questi elettroni di ricambio provengono dalla scissione delle molecole d'acqua in protoni, elettroni e molecole di ossigeno. Ad alti tassi di fotosintesi, l'acqua viene scissa più velocemente per reintegrare gli elettroni e l'ossigeno viene generato rapidamente.</p><p>Questo fenomeno ci aiuta a valutare il tasso di fotosintesi in laboratorio semplicemente sospendendo i dischi fogliari in una soluzione di bicarbonato in cui il bicarbonato agisce come una ricca fonte di carbonio. All'inizio dell'esperimento del disco fogliare, i gas vengono espulsi dai dischi fogliari applicando una pressione negativa con un vuoto in una siringa. I dischi fogliari con i loro gas espulsi diventano più pesanti e affondano sul fondo della soluzione di bicarbonato quando vengono trasferiti in un becher. Quando avviene la fotosintesi, l'acqua nell'ambiente viene scissa per reintegrare gli elettroni della clorofilla. L'ossigeno risultante rende i dischi più leggeri facendoli galleggiare in superficie nel tempo. Gli ambienti che consentono tassi più elevati di fotosintesi hanno dischi che galleggiano più velocemente.</p><p>In questo laboratorio separerai e identificherai prima i pigmenti nelle foglie di spinaci usando la carta per cromatografia. Quindi valuterai il tasso di fotosintesi in acqua e in soluzione di bicarbonato con un esperimento sul disco fogliare.</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

Autotrofi

Quasi tutti gli organismi viventi sulla Terra dipendono dalla fotosintesi, che è il processo che converte l'energia solare in uno zucchero semplice chiamato ...

Metti alla prova la tua comprensione di Fotosintesi con questo quiz di valutazione di Biology su JoVE Lab Manual. Copre concetti chiave attraverso domande basate su video progettate per valutare l'apprendimento degli studenti.

Fotosintesi in Biology - Quiz di Valutazione | JoVE Lab Manual

Segui le procedure passo dopo passo di Fotosintesi in questo video di protocollo studente di 8 minuti. Parte della collezione Biology su JoVE Lab Manual.

Protocollo studente per Fotosintesi in Biology - Oltre 32K visualizzazioni | JoVE Lab Manual

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Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
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pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

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Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

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The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

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Enzymes and Activation Energy

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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Gap Junctions

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The Extracellular Matrix

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Tissues

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Plant Cell Wall

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Plasmodesmata

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Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

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Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

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Cos'è la fotosintesi?

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