Name: stored energy in motion and bonds
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:09.000Z
Duration: 52 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

9-12.PS.1.1

Potential Energy

- [Istruttore] L'energia
potenziale è una forma di energia

immagazzinata che ha il
potenziale di compiere un lavoro

che può essere convertito
in energia cinetica.

Il cibo, per esempio,
ha energia immagazzinata

sotto forma di legami chimici tra atomi.

Alcuni legami, come quelli
in questo composto aromatico,

sono forti e di conseguenza
hanno un basso potenziale.

Mentre altri legami, in ambito
degli zuccheri, sono deboli

e hanno un elevato potenziale energetico.

Questi legami sono spezzati
per formare anidride carbonica

e acqua che hanno legami
chimici più forti.

Questo processo rilascia
energia imbrigliata sotto forma

di ATP da utilizzare
altrove nella cellula.

<ol>
	<li>Cooper, Melanie M. e Michael W. Klymkowsky. "Il problema con l'energia chimica: perché la comprensione delle energie di legame richiede un approccio sistemico interdisciplinare." CBE Life Sciences Education 12, n. 2 (2013): 306–12.</li>
	<li>https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/6-2-potential-kinetic-free-and-activation-energy </li>
</ol>

energia potenziale

L'energia potenziale è una forma immagazzinata di energia che ha il potenziale per fare il lavoro, e quindi per essere convertita in energia cinetica. L'energia gravitazionale, ad esempio, è l'energia potenziale che si trova all'interno della forza gravitazionale. L'energia chimica è l'energia potenziale immagazzinata all'interno delle molecole in virtù dei legami tra i loro atomi. Le obbligazioni deboli hanno un'elevata energia potenziale, mentre le obbligazioni forti hanno un'energia potenziale bassa.

<h4>Energia ad alto potenziale</h4>

L'energia può essere immagazzinata sotto forma di legami chimici. Alcuni legami sono deboli e quindi hanno un'elevata energia potenziale. Ad esempio, i legami di idrogeno si trovano tra molecole d'acqua o quelle che si formano tra i nucleotidi di guanina (G) e citosina (C) in una doppia elica del DNA.

<h4>Energia a basso potenziale</h4>

 I legami forti, d'altra parte, hanno meno energia potenziale. Ad esempio, le molecole NaCl contengono legami ionici formati dall'attrazione elettrostatica delle cazioni di sodio e degli anioni al cloruro. I legami covalenti sono un altro esempio che deriva dall'attrazione reciproca di molecole per una coppia condivisa di elettroni. Ad esempio, le molecole di idrogeno si formano attraverso il legame covalente di due atomi di idrogeno.

<h4>Gli zuccheri come energia potenziale</h4>

Il cibo ha energia immagazzinata sotto forma di legami chimici tra gli atomi. Quando gli animali ingeriscono zuccheri, i legami deboli tra carbonio e ossigeno, così come quelli tra idrogeno e altri atomi di carbonio, vengono rotti per creare anidride carbonica e acqua, che hanno legami chimici molto più forti. Questo processo rilascia energia sotto forma di ATP, che viene poi utilizzato per guidare reazioni biochimiche altrove nella cellula.

Energia potenziale

The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial ...

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stored energy in motion and bonds

Stored energy in motion and bonds is called potential energy. It depends on the structure of an object or the position of matter in space. Raising a kettlebell changes its location and increases its potential energy. A stretched rubber band also stores potential energy, which can later change into kinetic energy.

Chemical bonds between atoms hold another form of stored energy called chemical energy. These bonds involve attractive forces, and that energy can change into other forms during a chemical reaction. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms first convert solar energy into chemical energy in food. That energy is stored in macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Stored Energy in Motion and Bonds

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Metabolism, Energy, and Cell Reactions

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in a cell. It includes anabolism, which builds molecules, and catabolism, which breaks them down. These reactions help cells manage energy and keep life processes running. Cells use metabolism to turn food into energy, make cell parts, and remove waste products. Food stores potential energy in the bonds between atoms. Catabolic pathways break large food molecules into smaller ones and release that energy. Anabolic pathways use that energy...

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Energy Flow in a Food Web

Energy flow in a food web shows the First Law of Thermodynamics in action. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form as it moves through living things and the environment. Sunlight is the starting point. Plants capture radiant energy from the sun during photosynthesis and turn it into chemical energy stored in complex carbohydrates. At the same time, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Herbivores eat the plants and use those sugars during digestion. The energy is...

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Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

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kinetic energy

Motion as a Source of Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It appears when an object is moving and can do work or cause change. A waterfall is one clear example. Water behind a dam has potential energy, but when it rushes downward, that moving water has kinetic energy. When the water reaches the bottom and stops moving, its energy can become potential energy again. Kinetic energy also shows up in living systems. Plants absorb light particles, called photons, which move very fast and help create chemical energy...

potential energy

Stored energy in motion and bonds is called potential energy. It depends on the structure of an object or the position of matter in space. Raising a kettlebell changes its location and increases its potential energy. A stretched rubber band also stores potential energy, which can later change into kinetic energy. Chemical bonds between atoms hold another form of stored energy called chemical energy. These bonds involve attractive forces, and that energy can change into other forms during a...

free energy

Gibbs Free Energy in Chemical Reactions

Gibbs free energy is a measure of useful energy that can be taken from a chemical reaction to do work. It is written as G and named for scientist Gibbs, who discovered it. This energy is what remains after entropy is considered. A reaction can either take in energy or release it. Reactions that absorb energy are called endergonic reactions. Reactions that release energy are called exergonic reactions. The direction of energy flow helps show which type of reaction is happening. Plants carry...

activation energy

How Catalysts Lower Reaction Barriers

Activation energy is the minimum energy a chemical reaction needs to keep going. When the activation energy is higher, the reaction usually happens more slowly. Adding heat can speed the reaction because molecules move faster and collide more often. As reactants collide, bonds break and the reaction moves through an uphill phase. That step creates the transition state, which is an unstable, high-energy state of the reactants. After that, new bonds form, products appear, and free energy is...

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ATP Breakdown and Energy Release

ATP breakdown releases energy for cell work. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, can lose one or two phosphate groups when water is added. This hydrolysis reaction is exergonic, which means it releases energy that the cell can use. When one phosphate group is removed, ATP becomes ADP, or adenosine diphosphate. Inorganic phosphate is also released. ADP can then be hydrolyzed again to form AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, after a second phosphate group is removed. ATP has a clear structure. It is...

phosphorylation

Phosphorylation and Protein Control

Phosphorylation helps control how proteins work in cells. It is the addition or removal of phosphate groups, and it is the most common chemical change that regulates cellular processes. These changes can alter a protein’s structure, activity, stability, location inside the cell, and interactions with other proteins. During phosphorylation, protein kinases move the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein. The amino acids most often...

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How Enzymes Adjust to Their Substrates

Enzymes speed up many chemical reactions in cells. They are biological catalysts, so they increase reaction speed without being consumed or permanently changed. They do this by lowering the activation energy needed to turn reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins that usually work by binding to a substrate, which is the reactant molecule they act on. They show substrate specificity, meaning they bind only certain substrates. This specificity depends mainly on the shape and chemical...

enzyme kinetics

Substrate Effects on Enzyme Rates

Enzyme kinetics examines how enzymes change the rate of a reaction. Enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The reaction rate is the speed at which an enzyme turns reactants into products, and it can be affected by several factors, including the number of available reactants. Scientists often study enzyme kinetics in a test tube with a fixed amount of enzyme. When more substrate, or reactant, is added, the reaction rate increases because the enzyme can make...

enzyme inhibition

Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to enzymes. Cells use these inhibitors to help regulate normal enzyme function. Drugs and toxins can also block enzymes and change how they work. Some inhibitors bind at the active site, which is the part of the enzyme where the substrate normally fits. Competitive inhibitors do this by occupying the active site and preventing the substrate from binding. If the substrate concentration becomes high enough, it can outcompete...

feedback inhibition

How Cells Control Product Buildup

Cells use enzymes to run biochemical reactions and make the products they need. These reactions are happening constantly, and enzymes speed them up so they happen fast enough to matter. Enzyme activity also has to be regulated. Cells need the right amounts of starting materials, intermediate metabolites, and final products. If these substances build up too much or drop too low, the cell can be harmed. That is why cells use control systems to keep metabolic levels balanced. One important...

allosteric regulation

Allosteric Control of Enzyme Speed

Allosteric control changes enzyme speed when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site. That alternate binding spot is called an allosteric site. An enzyme can have more than one allosteric site. This type of control can raise or lower enzyme activity. Many enzymes with allosteric control are metabolic enzymes. They help with the breakdown or the building of specific molecules in cells. In allosteric inhibition, the effector molecule causes a shape change that lowers the enzyme's...

cofactors and coenzymes

Enzyme Helpers: Metals, Vitamins, and More

Enzyme helpers are needed for many enzymes to work properly. These helpers fall into two groups: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions, while coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both can be tightly bound to an enzyme or attach only when the substrate binds. Cofactors are common in mature proteins, appearing in about 30% of them. They are often added as the enzyme folds and help with catalytic activity. Magnesium is one important cofactor, and it is needed by more than...

key terms and concepts

Explore how position, stretched materials, and chemical bonds store potential energy, and how that energy changes form in food, ATP, and movement.

Stored Energy in Motion and Bonds | JoVE K12

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Stored Energy in Motion and Bonds

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