Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

- Gli ecosistemi sono la somma

di tutte le interazioni tra
fattori biotici, viventi,

e abiotici, non viventi, nell'ambiente.

Rientrano in una delle
due categorie generali,

terrestri o acquatici.

I principali tipi di
ecosistemi sono i biomi.

I biomi terrestri, come il deserto,

la foresta pluviale e la tundra,
sono caratterizzati in base

a due fattori, le
precipitazioni e la temperatura.

Degli biomi acquatici,
l'acqua dolce è la più rara,

poiché laghi, fiumi e sorgenti

costituiscono solo il 2%
della superficie della terra.

Anche così, questi ecosistemi
sono caratterizzati

da grande varietà di animali e piante.

I biomi dell'oceano, che
occupa il 75% della superficie,

includono le basse e le alte profondità.

Le basse ospitano le parti più grandi

della diversità marina
nelle barriere coralline.

La superficie dell'oceano aperto ospita

molti degli organismi fotosintetici,

e anche l'oceano profondo
contiene un numero di organismi

anche se la luce non riesce a penetrarla.

Murphy, Brett P., Alan N. Andersen e Catherine L. Parr. "La biodiversità sottovalutata dei biomi erbosi tropicali". Transazioni filosofiche della Royal Society B: Scienze biologiche 371, n. 1703 (19 settembre 2016). [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978875/" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

Haddad, Nick M., Lars A. Brudvig, Jean Clobert, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew Gonzalez, Robert D. Holt, Thomas E. Lovejoy, et al. "Frammentazione dell'habitat e il suo impatto duraturo sugli ecosistemi della Terra". Science Advances 1, n. 2 (1 marzo 2015): e1500052. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

cos'è un ecosistema?

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

Un ecosistema è l'interazione tra tutti i fattori abiotici e biotici in un ambiente e può essere classificato come terrestre o acquatico. Gli ecosistemi terrestri sono classificati in base al clima, tra cui la temperatura annuale, le precipitazioni e la stagionalità. Gli ecosistemi acquatici sono separati ulteriormente in acqua dolce e marina, e poi per profondità, che influenza la temperatura dell'acqua e la quantità di luce solare che penetra nell'acqua.

<h4>Ecosistemi terrestri</h4>

Gli ecosistemi terrestri sono classificati in biomi, caratterizzati sia dal clima dell'ambiente che dai tipi di organismi che vi vivono. Aree vicino all'equatore terrestre che presentano temperature elevate, temperature stagionali e elevate quantità di precipitazioni annuali sono le foreste pluviali e ospitano alcuni degli habitat più diversificati del mondo. Gli ecosistemi con temperature elevate ma le precipitazioni annuali carenti sono deserti. Sebbene gli ecosistemi desertici condividano queste caratteristiche, la loro biodiversità può variare notevolmente.

Dall'altro lato dello spettro, l'ecosistema con temperature annuali molto basse e basse precipitazioni annuali è il bioma artico. Questo ecosistema ha la più bassa biodiversità. Tra questi tre grandi biomi sono la tundra stagionale, le praterie temperate e gli ecosistemi della savana. Questi ecosistemi presentano variazioni annuali oscillatorie sia nella temperatura che nelle precipitazioni e ospitano animali e piante specificamente adattati a tali cambiamenti stagionali.

<h4>Ecosistemi d'acqua dolce</h4>

Gli ecosistemi acquatici sono ulteriormente divisi in due categorie: acqua dolce e ambienti marini. Gli ecosistemi d'acqua dolce, il più raro degli ecosistemi che compongono circa il 2% della superficie terrestre, includono laghi, fiumi, corsi d'acqua e zone umide. I principali fattori che influenzano la biodiversità all'interno di questi ecosistemi sono il flusso d'acqua, la temperatura e la profondità.

La zona poco profonda vicino ai bordi di stagni e laghi è chiamata zona litorale. La zona litorale è l'area più calda del corpo idrico e comprende molti produttori acquatici, consumatori e animali che hanno stili di vita sia terrestri che acquatici. La zona limnetica, o la superficie delle acque profonde, è ben illuminata ed è dominata dal "plancton". La zona profundale, o acqua profonda, è costituita principalmente da organismi che mangiano organismi morti e non fotosintetizzano poiché poca luce penetra nella profondità.

Nei corsi d'acqua e nei fiumi, l'acqua scorre rapidamente, riciclando l'ossigeno e mantenendo anche l'acqua relativamente fresca. La diversità delle specie è legata alla larghezza e alla profondità del fiume, con sezioni più grandi del fiume più diverse rispetto alle sezioni più strette. Infine, le zone umide sono aree di acque basse e stare come paludi, paludi e torbiere, e sono caratterizzate da ambienti spesso caldi e umidi. Questi ecosistemi hanno la più alta biodiversità di tutti gli ecosistemi d'acqua dolce, tra cui una varietà di piante, animali, funghi e vita batterica.

<h4>Ecosistemi marini</h4>

Gli ecosistemi marini, il più comune che compone quasi il 75% della superficie terrestre, sono diversi dagli ecosistemi d'acqua dolce a causa dell'elevata salinità dell'acqua. Sono anche separati in base alla profondità dell'acqua: oceano poco profondo, acque profonde dell'oceano e superficie oceanica profonda. Il più vario di questi ecosistemi è l'acqua poco profonda, che ospita la maggior parte delle barriere coralline del mondo e la vita marina associata. Oltre all'oceano poco profondo, la superficie dell'oceano profondo ospita anche una varietà di vita marina, a causa della quantità di luce solare che penetra, incluso il plancton, che esegue circa il 40% di tutta la fotosintesi sulla Terra.

A causa delle minime quantità di luce che penetra nelle profondità dell'acqua, l'ecosistema dell'oceano profondo contiene un insieme meno diversificato ma spesso insolito di organismi adattati al buio e alle alte pressioni. Questo ecosistema è anche il meno conosciuto di tutti gli ecosistemi a causa della grande quantità di spazio che copre. Tuttavia, gli scienziati sono ora in grado di esplorare questa frontiera grazie alle nuove tecnologie come il veicolo occupato dall'uomo Alvin. Attualmente, questo veicolo ha permesso ai ricercatori di accedere a 2/3 del fondo dell'oceano fino a 4.500 m di profondità.

<h4>Dinamiche dell'ecosistema</h4>

Indipendentemente dalle caratteristiche dell'ecosistema specifico, tutti condividono gli stessi processi dinamici di trasformazione dell'energia e della materia attraverso la fotosintesi e l'alimentazione delle relazioni tra gli organismi. Gli ecosistemi sono alimentati da un costante afflusso di energia solare che scorre attraverso l'ecosistema mentre la materia viene riciclata.

Cos'è un ecosistema?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Ecology

Ecologia

Ecosystems

Ecosistemi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core Biologia illustra i concetti chiave della biologia grazie a oltre 300 video-lezioni animate, concise e di facile comprensione. Inoltre, negli oltre 150 video di "scienziati in azione", i concetti scientifici vengono applicati e dimostrati da ricercatori attraverso esperimenti in laboratorio.

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

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