Name: nitrogen in soil and living things
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 49 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

- [Istruttore] Il ciclo
dell'azoto coinvolge il movimento

di atomi di azoto tra componenti biotici

e abiotici nell'ecosistema.

La maggior parte dell'azoto
dell'ecosistema è immagazzinata

nell'atmosfera sotto forma di gas, l' N2.

Ma solo i batteri possiedono
gli enzimi necessari

per convertire il gas azoto
in una forma utilizzabile

da altri organismi, la cd
"fissazione dell'azoto".

Quindi l'azoto è un
nutriente molto limitato

nell'ecosistema.

Quando i batteri nel terreno
convertono il gas in ammoniaca

le piante possono convertire
l'azoto in proteine,

DNA e altre molecole organiche,

che sono consumate dagli erbivori

e suddivise in amminoacidi.

Possono essere riassemblate
in proteine per la crescita,

lo sviluppo e l'alimentazione
dei consumatori.

Allo stesso tempo, erbivori e
consumatori stanno restituendo

parte dell'azoto al suolo
come prodotti di scarto.

Gli organismi morti e i prodotti
di rifiuto contengono azoto

sotto forma di proteine,
urea e acido urico.

Decompositori come batteri
e funghi possono spezzare

queste molecole rilasciando
l'ammoniaca nel suolo,

che può essere assorbita
dalle piante o convertita

in nitrati da batteri nitrificanti.

Questi nitrati possono anche
essere assorbiti dalle piante

o in assenza di ossigeno essere convertito

in gas azoto mediante
batteri denitrificanti.

Gli esseri umani immettono
anche azoto nell'ecosistema

attraverso l'uso di
fertilizzanti agricoli.

Se usato però nel momento
sbagliato o in grandi quantità,

l'eccesso di azoto può fluire
negli ecosistemi acquatici

e aumentare la crescita di batteri, alghe,

e piante acquantiche, un processo
chiamato eutrofizzazione.

"Fonti di azoto e ciclo nell'ecosistema e il suo ruolo nell'inquinamento dell'aria, dell'acqua e del suolo: una revisione critica." Journal of Pollution Effects & Control 03, n. 02 (2015). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000136" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

il ciclo dell'azoto

Gli atomi di azoto, presenti in tutte le proteine e nel DNA, vengono riciclati tra componenti abiotici e biotici dell'ecosistema. Tuttavia, la forma primaria di azoto sulla Terra è il gas di azoto, che non può essere utilizzato dalla maggior parte degli animali e delle piante. Pertanto, il gas di azoto deve prima essere convertito in una forma utilizzabile da batteri che fissano l'azoto prima di poter essere attraversato da altri organismi viventi. L'uso di fertilizzanti contenenti azoto e di rifiuti animali nell'agricoltura umana ha notevolmente influenzato il ciclo naturale dell'azoto.

<h4>Ciclo biologico dell'azoto</h4>

Circa il 78% dell'aria che respiriamo è gas di azoto. Tuttavia, in questa forma, N2, pochi organismi sono in grado di usarlo. L'azoto costituisce molecole essenziali in tutti gli organismi, come proteine e DNA. Incapace di utilizzare la forma atmosferica dell'azoto, la maggior parte degli organismi utilizza i sottoprodotti della fissazione dell'azoto e dei procarioti nitrificanti. La fissazione dell'azoto converte il gas di azoto (N2) in ammoniaca (NH3), mentre la nitrificazione converte NH3 in nitriti (NO2-) e nitrati (NO3-). Le piante possono utilizzare direttamente l'ammoniaca e i nitrati, e gli organismi che mangiano piante ottengono azoto ingerindo piante. Quando questi organismi muoiono, i batteri nel terreno sono in grado di convertire l'azoto organico in ammoniaca in un processo chiamato ammonificazione. Attraverso la denitrificazione, i batteri aerobici possono quindi convertire l'ammoniaca in gas di azoto che viene rilasciato di nuovo nell'atmosfera, completando il ciclo.

<h4Serbatoi di azoto</h4>

Il serbatoio primario per lo stoccaggio a lungo termine dell'azoto è il gas di azoto nell'atmosfera. Tuttavia, ci sono altri serbatoi di azoto più piccoli nell'ecosistema. L'azoto può essere legato per periodi di tempo relativamente lunghi nelle paludi, nei sedimenti marini e nelle rocce sedimentarie. Tuttavia, poiché i composti di azoto sono molto solubili nell'acqua, l'agenti atmosferici delle rocce sedimentarie può rilasciare azoto nell'ecosistema.

<h4>Impatto umano sul ciclo dell'azoto</h4>

Poiché l'azoto è spesso un fattore limitante per la crescita delle piante negli ambienti naturali, gli agricoltori aggiungono azoto al suolo come fertilizzante per aumentare la resa agricola. Il deflusso agricolo negli ecosistemi acquatici può provocare l'eutroficazione e la crescita innaturalmente rapida delle specie di alghe tossiche. Aumentare un gran numero di bestiame può anche aumentare la quantità di rifiuti nitri nel suolo e nelle fonti idriche locali.

Il ciclo dell'azoto

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

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nitrogen in soil and living things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs.

About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Nitrification then changes ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-). Plants can use ammonia and nitrates directly. Plant-eating organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

When organisms die, soil bacteria break down organic nitrogen and convert it into ammonia. This process is called ammonification. Aerobic bacteria can then carry out denitrification and convert ammonia into nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. That return of nitrogen gas completes the cycle.

The main long-term reservoir for nitrogen is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Smaller nitrogen sinks also store nitrogen for long periods. These include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock. Because nitrogen compounds dissolve easily in water, weathering of sedimentary rock can release nitrogen back into the ecosystem.

Human activity can change the nitrogen cycle. Farmers add nitrogen to soil as fertilizer because nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth in natural environments. This can increase agricultural yield. However, runoff from farms can enter aquatic ecosystems and cause eutrophication, which leads to unnaturally rapid growth of toxic algae species. Large numbers of livestock can also increase the amount of nitric waste in soil and local water sources.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

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what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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the sulfur cycle

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Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Follow nitrogen as it moves from air to soil, plants, and animals, and see how bacteria, fertilizers, and runoff shape the cycle in ecosystems.

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Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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