Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
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K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Un elemento è una sostanza pura che contiene una sola tipologia di atomo. Attualmente sono stati scoperti 118 elementi, presenti in natura o sintetizzati in laboratorio. Gli elementi variano ampiamente nella loro presenza.

Gli elementi più abbondanti nella crosta terrestre sono ossigeno, silicio, alluminio, ferro e calcio. A paragone, l'atmosfera terrestre è composta principalmente da azoto e ossigeno. Nella tavola periodica, ogni quadrato contiene, come minimo, un numero atomico ed un simbolo chimico.

Un simbolo chimico è un'abbreviazione, di una o due lettere, assegnata ad un elemento. La prima lettera è maiuscola e la seconda, se necessaria, è minuscola per evitare confusione tra i composti che contengono due elementi. Spesso, questo simbolo è la prima o le prime due lettere del nome inglese dell'elemento.

Tuttavia, alcuni simboli derivano da radici greche, latine o tedesche. È possibile aggiungere ulteriori dettagli ad un simbolo chimico. Il numero atomico, che è anche il numero di protoni, è annotato nella posizione del pedice sinistro.

Questo numero è sempre lo stesso per un dato elemento e talvolta viene omesso, poiché non cambia. Il numero di massa, cioè il numero dei protoni più i neutroni, è indicato nella posizione dell'apice sinistro. Questo numero definisce l'isotopo specifico di un elemento, come il carbonio-12 o il carbonio-13.

Un isotopo è una variazione di un elemento in cui il numero di neutroni nel nucleo varia, ma il numero di protoni, e anche il numero atomico, sono gli stessi. Ciò si traduce in masse atomiche diverse, ma non influisce sulla carica dell'atomo. Per esempio, l'idrogeno elementare ha tre isotopi presenti in natura:la forma più abbondante non contiene neutroni;la seconda è il deuterio, contenente un neutrone;e la terza è il trizio, che contiene due neutroni.

Mentre l'atomo di idrogeno standard e il deuterio sono stabili in condizioni naturali, altri isotopi, come il trizio, decadono in altre sostanze basata sulla sua teoria. mediante l'emissione di energia. Secondo questa legge, quando due elementi Questi sono noti come isotopi radioattivi.

ton quindi propose la legge delle proporzioni multiple si combinano per formare più di un composto, masse diverse di un elemento si combinano con la massa fissa dell'altro elemento in un piccolo rapporto di numeri interi. Pertanto, una massa fissa di idrogeno, 2 grammi, si combina con diverse masse di ossigeno, 32 o 16 grammi, in un piccolo rapporto di numeri interi di 2 a 1, per formare due diversi composti:perossido di idrogeno e acqua.

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal e Mark A. Benvenuto. "Elemento 118: insegnare un nuovo elemento a nuovi studenti." in Elementi vecchi e nuovi: scoperte, sviluppi, sfide e implicazioni ambientali, pp. 195-201. Società chimica americana, 2017.</li>
	<li>Krebs, Robert E. La storia e l'uso degli elementi chimici della nostra terra: una guida di riferimento. Gruppo editoriale Greenwood, 2006.</li>
	<li>Clayton, Donald. Manuale degli isotopi nel cosmo: dall'idrogeno al gallio. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2003.</li>
</ol>

elementi: simboli chimici e isotopi

Un simbolo chimico è un'abbreviazione utilizzata per indicare un elemento o un atomo di un elemento. Ad esempio, il simbolo del mercurio è Hg. Lo stesso simbolo viene utilizzato per indicare un atomo di mercurio (dominio microscopico) o per etichettare un contenitore di molti atomi dell'elemento mercurio (dominio macroscopico).

Alcuni simboli derivano dal nome inglese comune dell'elemento; altri sono abbreviazioni del nome in un'altra lingua: latino, greco o tedesco. Ad esempio, il simbolo dell'alluminio (nome comune) è Al, mentre quello del Ferro è Fe che deriva dal suo nome latino “Ferrum”. La maggior parte dei simboli ha una o due lettere, ma sono stati utilizzati simboli di tre lettere per descrivere alcuni elementi che hanno numeri atomici maggiori di 112. Per evitare confusione con altre notazioni, solo la prima lettera di un simbolo è in maiuscolo. Ad esempio, Co è il simbolo dell'elemento cobalto, ma CO è la notazione per il composto monossido di carbonio, che contiene atomi degli elementi carbonio (C) e ossigeno (O).

Tradizionalmente, chi scopre un nuovo elemento, lo nomina. Tuttavia, fino a quando il nome non sarà riconosciuto dall'Unione Internazionale di Chimica Pura e Applicata (IUPAC), il nome raccomandato del nuovo elemento si basa sulla parola latina per il suo numero atomico. Ad esempio, per diversi anni, l'elemento 106 è stato chiamato unnilhexium (Unh), l'elemento 107 è stato chiamato unnilseptium (Uns) e l'elemento 108 è stato chiamato unniloctium (Uno). Questi elementi ora prendono il nome da scienziati (o occasionalmente da luoghi); per esempio, l'elemento 106 è ora conosciuto come seaborgio (Sg) in onore di Glenn Seaborg, un premio Nobel che fu attivo nella scoperta di diversi elementi pesanti.

Ogni quadrato della tavola periodica contiene, come minimo, un numero atomico – che è anche il numero di protoni – e un simbolo chimico.

Nel caso di un isotopo, insieme al simbolo e al numero atomico, viene indicato il numero di massa o la somma di protoni e neutroni. Il numero di massa definisce l'isotopo specifico di un elemento. Ad esempio, questi sono i due isotopi dell'azoto:

<img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;" />

Il simbolo di un isotopo specifico di qualsiasi elemento viene scritto ponendo il numero di massa come apice a sinistra del simbolo dell'elemento. Poiché il numero atomico definisce l’identità dell’elemento, così come il suo simbolo, viene spesso omesso. Ad esempio, il magnesio esiste come una miscela di tre isotopi, ciascuno con un numero atomico di 12 e con numeri di massa di 24, 25 e 26, rispettivamente. Questi isotopi possono essere identificati come ^24Mg, ^25Mg e ^26Mg. Questi simboli isotopici vengono letti come “elemento, numero di massa” e possono essere simbolizzati in modo coerente con questa lettura. Ad esempio, ^24Mg viene letto come “magnesio 24” e può essere scritto come “magnesio-24” o “Mg-24”. ^25Mg viene letto come “magnesio 25” e può essere scritto come “magnesio-25” o “Mg-25”. Tutti gli atomi di magnesio hanno 12 protoni nel nucleo. Differiscono solo perché un atomo da ^24Mg ha 12 neutroni nel suo nucleo, un atomo da ^25Mg ha 13 neutroni e uno da ^26Mg ha 14 neutroni.

Si noti che oltre ai nomi e ai simboli standard, gli isotopi dell'idrogeno vengono spesso indicati utilizzando nomi comuni e simboli di accompagnamento. L'idrogeno-2, simboleggiato ^2H, è anche chiamato deuterio e talvolta simboleggiato dalla D. L'idrogeno-3, simboleggiato ^3H, è anche chiamato trizio e talvolta simboleggiato dalla T.

Questo testo è adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Section 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism.</a>

Elementi: simboli chimici e isotopi

Un simbolo chimico è un'abbreviazione usata per indicare un elemento o un atomo di un elemento. Ad esempio, il simbolo del mercurio è Hg. Lo stesso simbolo è...

Education

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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the atomic theory of matter

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elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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PS.Chm.1.3

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PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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