Name: lipid rafts and sperm membrane regions
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T09:16:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.a

Membrane Domains

Il doppio strato lipidico della membrana cellulare contiene gruppi distinti di lipidi e proteine, chiamati domini.
Questi domini spesso concentrano proteine e specifiche molecole lipidiche per aumentare le loro interazioni e fornire ambienti diversi in porzioni distinte della membrana.
Ad esempio, una cellula epiteliale intestinale ha domini apicali e basolaterali che differiscono nella composizione proteica e lipidica. Il dominio apicale riveste la cavità intestinale e contiene proteine coinvolte nell'assorbimento degli ioni e nel metabolismo degli zuccheri.
Al contrario, il dominio basolaterale contiene proteine che interagiscono con le cellule vicine e la membrana basale e aiutano nella comunicazione e nell'adesione cellula-cellula.
Le proteine sono inibite dall'entrare in un altro dominio dalle giunzioni cellula-cellula, note anche come giunzioni strette.
Specifici lipidi di membrana, tra cui sfingolipidi e colesterolo, formano microdomini noti come zattere lipidiche. Le catene sature di sfingolipidi e colesterolo sono più vicine rispetto ai fosfolipidi con code di acidi grassi insaturi, portando alla formazione di zattere lipidiche più dense e distinte nella membrana.

domini di membrana

I domini della membrana concentrano lipidi e proteine specifici in un punto all'interno della membrana, il che aiuta nella segnalazione cellulare, nell'adesione e in altri processi cellulari fondamentali. Questi domini possono differire per dimensione, composizione, funzione e durata.

Domini proteici

La membrana comprende un gruppo di proteine distinte responsabili dello svolgimento della funzione specifica di una cellula. Ad esempio, la membrana plasmatica dello sperma umano, o una singola cellula germinale, contiene un insieme unico di proteine nella testa anteriore, nella testa posteriore e nella coda dello sperma. Gli esatti meccanismi che consentono agli spermatozoi di confinare le proteine in parti specifiche senza che si mescolino sono ancora sconosciuti. Tuttavia, questo esempio mostra il livello di sofisticazione che può essere raggiunto dalle proteine di membrana quando si tratta di formare domini distinti.

Domini lipidici

Gli sfingolipidi, insieme al colesterolo, possono formare microdomini di membrana distinti, noti come zattere lipidiche. Le caveole sono una forma di zattera lipidica caratterizzata dalla formazione di invaginazioni o piccole strutture simili a caverne nella membrana. Queste zattere lipidiche contengono la proteina caveolina sul lato citoplasmatico della membrana. Le caveole sono presenti in alcune cellule dei vertebrati, in particolare abbondanti negli adipociti e nelle cellule endoteliali, e svolgono un ruolo nella segnalazione cellulare e nell'endocitosi. A causa delle loro piccole dimensioni e della natura transitoria, le zattere lipidiche sono difficili da studiare nelle membrane cellulari. Tuttavia, diversi dati sperimentali sostengono la loro presenza nelle membrane biologiche. Ad esempio, il trattamento di solventi non ionici come Polisorbato 20 fornisce frazioni di membrana non solubili ricche di sfingolipidi, colesterolo e proteine associate.

Domini di membrana

I domini di membrana concentrano lipidi e proteine specifici in un unico punto all'interno della membrana, il che aiuta nella segnalazione cellulare, nell'adesione e in altri ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Membrane Structure and Components

Struttura e componenti della membrana

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

lipid rafts and sperm membrane regions

Membrane domains organize specific lipids and proteins in defined parts of a cell membrane. This arrangement supports cell signaling, adhesion, and other important cellular processes. These domains can vary in size, composition, function, and how long they last.

Some membrane domains are built from proteins. The membrane can contain distinct protein groups that carry out a cell’s specific functions. A clear example is the plasma membrane of a human sperm cell, which has different proteins in the anterior head, posterior head, and tail.

The transcript notes that scientists do not yet know the exact mechanism that keeps these sperm proteins separated without mixing. Even so, this example shows how highly organized membrane proteins can create separate domains. This organization helps cells place the right proteins in the right location.

Other membrane domains are lipid-based. Sphingolipids and cholesterol can form small membrane microdomains called lipid rafts. A related structure, caveolae, is a type of lipid raft that forms small cave-like inward folds in the membrane.

Caveolae contain the protein caveolin on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. They are found in some vertebrate cells and are especially common in adipocytes and endothelial cells. These structures help with cell signaling and endocytosis.

Lipid rafts are difficult to study because they are small and short-lived. Still, several experiments support their presence in biological membranes. For example, treatment with a nonionic solvent such as Tween 20 can leave behind non-soluble membrane fractions rich in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and associated proteins.

Lipid Rafts and Sperm Membrane Regions

what are membranes?

Membrane Receptors and Cell Signals

The plasma membrane sets the outer boundary of a cell and helps control how the cell interacts with its environment. It lets some substances enter, keeps others out, and releases some materials in controlled amounts. The membrane also needs to stay flexible so cells such as red and white blood cells can change shape as they move through narrow capillaries. The membrane surface also carries markers that help cells recognize one another. This recognition is important during early development,...

membrane fluidity

How Cell Membranes Stay Flexible

Cell membranes stay flexible because of the fluid mosaic model. The plasma membrane is a mosaic of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. These parts are separate but loosely attached, so the membrane keeps a fluid character. The membrane is still fairly rigid, but it can flow and self-seal after a very fine needle passes through it. Phospholipid tails also affect membrane fluidity. Saturated fatty acids in phospholipids have straight tails because they are packed with...

fluid mosaic model

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane

The fluid mosaic model explains the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Scientists first identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s, and by 1915 they had identified its main chemical parts: lipids and proteins. Early electron micrographs showed a railroad track pattern, which helped lead to the first widely accepted membrane model in 1935.

membrane lipids

Membrane Lipids in Cells and Tissues

Membrane lipids give biological membranes their structure and help set their properties. In mammalian cells, lipids make up about 50% of the membrane on average. The amount can be much lower in the inner mitochondrial membrane or much higher in the myelin sheath around nerve cells. Several phospholipids are common in mammalian membranes. These include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine carries a negative...

asymmetric lipid bilayer

Membrane Lipid Unevenness

Biological membranes have an uneven mix of lipids between the inner and outer layers. This membrane asymmetry gives each side a different chemical makeup and supports different cell functions. Evidence for this uneven layout came from treating an erythrocyte membrane with phospholipase. Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. It acted only on the outer layer, while the inner layer stayed intact. The treatment degraded about 80% of total membrane...

membrane asymmetry regulating transporters

membrane-asymmetry-regulating-transporters

Membrane Lipid Flipping and Transport

Membrane lipid flipping and transport help cells keep an uneven, or asymmetric, distribution of phospholipids across the membrane. This balance is controlled by flippase, floppase, and scramblase enzymes, which move lipids between the two membrane leaflets. Flippases move specific phospholipids from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet. In eukaryotes, these enzymes are type-IV P-type ATPases, also called P4-ATPases. They are membrane pumps that use ATP and contain one transmembrane domain...

membrane carbohydrates

Membrane Sugars and Cell Identity

Membrane carbohydrates help give cells their surface identity and support plasma membrane function. The plasma membrane is a dynamic barrier made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These sugar chains have unique structural and chemical traits that help the membrane work properly for cell growth and survival. Membrane carbohydrates do not have a hydrophobic region, so they are found only on the outer surface of the cell. Sugar addition, or glycosylation, of proteins occurs in the lumens of...

membrane proteins

Facilitated Transport Across Cell Membranes

Facilitated transport uses membrane proteins to help materials cross the plasma membrane. These integral transmembrane proteins act as channels or carriers. They move selected substances through the membrane more easily than the lipid layer alone would allow. Channel proteins provide a hydrophilic, or water-friendly, path through the membrane. Their core forms a hydrated opening that lets solutes pass between the inside and outside fluids of the cell. This helps polar compounds avoid the...

lipids as anchors

Lipid Anchors in Membrane Proteins

Lipid anchors help attach proteins to the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, the main lipid anchors are prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or GPI, groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups anchor proteins on the cytosolic side of the membrane. GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side. Prenylated proteins often have a CaaX motif at the carboxy terminus. In this sequence, C means cysteine, a means any aliphatic amino acid, and X means any other amino acid...

single-pass transmembrane proteins

How Membrane Proteins Span Cell Membranes

Membrane proteins help cells communicate, send signals, stick to other cells, and move molecules across the membrane. Integral membrane proteins are tightly linked to the cell membrane and carry out these jobs. Some integral membrane proteins sit only in one membrane layer. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is one example, and it is found on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. Other integral membrane proteins are transmembrane proteins, which span across the membrane. These proteins have...

multi-pass transmembrane proteins and &#946;-barrels

multi-pass-transmembrane-proteins-and-barrels

Membrane-Spanning Helices and β-Barrels

Membrane-spanning proteins can cross the cell membrane more than once. Their transmembrane chain usually folds into either an alpha-helix or a beta-strand. Alpha-helix multi-pass proteins are common, while beta-strand proteins are found mainly in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Some multi-pass alpha-helix proteins are G-protein-linked receptors, or GPCRs, and bacteriorhodopsin. GPCRs have seven transmembrane alpha-helices. Each receptor also has its own extracellular...

detergent purification of membrane proteins

detergent-purification-of-membrane-proteins

How Detergents Solubilize Membrane Proteins

Detergents help solubilize membrane proteins so they can be purified from the lipid bilayer. Their hydrophobic region can replace membrane phospholipids and keep integral membrane proteins in solution. A detergent works well only when its monomers reach the critical micelle concentration, or CMC. At that point, the molecules assemble into micelles, which are small clusters of detergent. Above the CMC, free detergent monomers stay in equilibrium with the micelles. The CMC varies with the...

protein diffusion in the membrane

How Membrane Proteins Move Side to Side

Membrane proteins can move across the cell surface by lateral diffusion, and they can also rotate in place. Scientists confirmed lateral movement with a cell fusion experiment. Mouse and human cells were fused to make hybrid cells. The membrane proteins on the two cells were tagged with red and green fluorescent markers. At first, each color stayed on its own side of the fused cell. After 40 minutes, the colors mixed across the whole cell surface, showing that the proteins had moved laterally. <br...

membrane domains

Membrane domains organize specific lipids and proteins in defined parts of a cell membrane. This arrangement supports cell signaling, adhesion, and other important cellular processes. These domains can vary in size, composition, function, and how long they last. Some membrane domains are built from proteins. The membrane can contain distinct protein groups that carry out a cell’s specific functions. A clear example is the plasma membrane of a human sperm cell, which has different proteins in...

mechanisms of membrane domain formation

How Cell Membranes Form Domains

Cell membranes form domains when lipids and proteins gather into distinct regions. These regions, or membrane domains, are shaped by different physical properties that help some molecules stay together while others move apart. Some domains form through protein-protein interactions. Others depend on specific lipids, such as sphingolipids and sterols. Large proteins, including bacteriorhodopsin, can also cluster and create visible membrane domains. Membrane proteins can be held in place by...

mechanisms of membrane-bending

How Proteins Shape Cell Membranes

Cell membranes can bend into many shapes because they are flexible and made of a fluid mosaic. That bending can be temporary, as in vesicles, or long-lasting, as in microvilli. Cells control the size, place, and time of membrane curvature. Membrane bending can start inside the membrane itself or from proteins attaching to it. Changes in lipid makeup can create curvature, and proteins can help by making the membrane asymmetric or by clustering certain lipids. The shape of integral proteins also...

key terms and concepts

Learn how membrane domains organize proteins and lipids, from sperm cell regions to lipid rafts and caveolae, and why they matter in cell signaling.

Lipid Rafts and Sperm Membrane Regions | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

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1. Engage in evidence-based argument to relate a cell's function to the structure, function, and diversity of its components. Examples: Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria, which create energy for contraction in the form of ATP. Some plant cells have a large vacuole which is used for storage and transport of excess nutrients in changing environments.

9-12.B.1.1

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9-12.B.1.2

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9-12.B.1.2.a

Lipid Rafts and Sperm Membrane Regions

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