Name: carbon compounds in everyday life
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:31.000Z
Duration: 2 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

What is Organic Chemistry?

La chimica organica è lo studio di composti chimici composti principalmente da atomi di carbonio legati ad atomi di idrogeno, ossigeno, azoto o zolfo.
I composti organici formano una grande varietà di molecole, dai mattoni fondamentali della vita come il DNA o le pareti cellulari delle piante ai materiali che liberano energia come i combustibili. Di solito si rompono facilmente.
Gli atomi di carbonio costituiscono la spina dorsale di ogni composto organico, che può assumere strutture diverse con disposizioni a forma di anello, ramificate e a catena retta grazie alla versatilità del carbonio nel formare quattro legami come legami singoli, doppi o tripli. 
I composti organici possono essere idrocarburi o idrocarburi funzionalizzati.
Gli idrocarburi sono costituiti interamente da atomi di carbonio e idrogeno. Gli alcani sono idrocarburi contenenti legami singoli. Gli alcheni contengono uno o più doppi legami, mentre gli alchini contengono uno o più tripli legami.
Gli idrocarburi con uno o più atomi di idrogeno sostituiti da un gruppo specifico di atomi o gruppi funzionali sono chiamati "idrocarburi funzionalizzati". La formula generale degli idrocarburi funzionalizzati designa la porzione di idrocarburi con la lettera «R», seguita dal gruppo funzionale specifico.
I gruppi funzionali possono essere di molti tipi e avere proprietà fisiche e chimiche specifiche. Tutti i composti organici che trasportano un gruppo funzionale comune rientrano nella stessa famiglia di idrocarburi, presentano proprietà simili e seguono una nomenclatura simile.
Ad esempio, tutti i composti organici con un atomo di carbonio che trasporta un gruppo funzionale –OH sono chiamati alcoli. Al contrario, tutti i composti organici che trasportano gruppi funzionali carbossilici sono chiamati acidi carbossilici.
Nel complesso, comprendere la struttura, il legame e le reazioni dei composti organici, sia naturali che artificiali, è la chiave per comprendere le loro funzioni nella vita reale.

Questo testo è adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-introduction">Openstax, Chimica 2e, Sezione 20</a>.

cos'è la chimica organica?

La chimica organica è lo studio dei composti del carbonio chiamati composti organici. I composti organici possono provenire da organismi viventi o essere sintetizzati dai chimici. Una caratteristica distintiva di questi composti è la presenza di carbonio come elemento principale, che è legato ad altri atomi di carbonio e ad altri elementi come idrogeno, ossigeno, azoto e zolfo. L’esistenza di un’ampia gamma di molecole organiche è una conseguenza della capacità degli atomi di carbonio di formare fino a quattro legami forti con altri atomi di carbonio, dando origine a catene e anelli di diverse dimensioni, forme e complessità. Tuttavia, alcuni composti contenenti carbonio, come carbonati, cianuri e ossidi semplici (CO e CO2), non sono generalmente classificati come composti organici.

I composti organici più semplici contengono solo gli elementi carbonio e idrogeno e sono chiamati idrocarburi. Gli idrocarburi possono differire nei tipi di legami carbonio-carbonio presenti nelle loro molecole. Questi possono essere alcani (contenenti solo legami singoli), alcheni (contenenti uno o più doppi legami) o alchini (contenenti uno o più tripli legami). Sebbene tutti gli idrocarburi siano composti solo da due tipi di atomi (carbonio e idrogeno), esiste un'ampia varietà di idrocarburi a causa della diversa lunghezza delle catene, delle catene ramificate e degli anelli di atomi di carbonio o delle combinazioni di queste strutture. Proprietà come il punto di fusione e il punto di ebollizione solitamente cambiano in modo prevedibile al variare del numero di atomi di carbonio e idrogeno nelle molecole.

L'incorporazione di un gruppo funzionale in molecole contenenti carbonio e idrogeno porta a nuove famiglie di composti chiamati idrocarburi funzionalizzati. Il gruppo funzionale è un atomo o un gruppo di atomi caratteristico che determina principalmente le proprietà dei derivati ​​degli idrocarburi. Ad esempio, i composti che hanno un gruppo funzionale –OH legato alla porzione idrocarburica sono alcoli. Per convenzione, la formula generale di un alcol è R–OH, dove R è la porzione idrocarburica della molecola. Un gruppo di composti contenenti lo stesso gruppo funzionale forma una famiglia.

I composti organici sono componenti chiave di plastica, saponi, profumi, dolcificanti, tessuti, prodotti farmaceutici e molte altre sostanze utilizzate quotidianamente. Pertanto, studiarne le strutture e le reazioni è fondamentale per comprendere le loro funzioni nella vita di tutti i giorni.

Cos'è la chimica organica?

La chimica organica è lo studio dei composti del carbonio chiamati composti organici. I composti organici hanno origine da organismi viventi o sono ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Chimica Organica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

Legame covalente e struttura

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

carbon compounds in everyday life

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and simple oxides such as CO and CO2 are usually excluded.

The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. They can be alkanes with single bonds, alkenes with one or more double bonds, or alkynes with one or more triple bonds.

Hydrocarbons can vary a lot even though they use only two kinds of atoms. Their carbon atoms may form straight chains, branched chains, rings, or combinations of these structures. As the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms changes, properties such as melting point and boiling point usually change in a predictable way.

Adding a functional group creates a new family of compounds called functionalized hydrocarbons. A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms that mostly controls the properties of the molecule. For example, compounds with an –OH group attached to the hydrocarbon part are alcohols. By convention, alcohols have the general formula R–OH, where R is the hydrocarbon portion.

Compounds with the same functional group belong to the same family. Organic compounds are important in plastics, soaps, perfumes, sweeteners, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and many other everyday products. Learning their structures and reactions helps explain how these materials work in real life.

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

what is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and...

electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers describe how electrons are arranged around the nucleus. An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus with electrons surrounding it. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the quantum mechanical model gives a better picture of this structure than older models. Protons carry a +1 charge and have a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons have no charge and have a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons carry a −1 charge and have a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of...

electron configurations

How Electrons Fill Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling in atoms follows a set order based on orbital energy. The Aufbau principle says each new electron enters the lowest-energy subshell available. The Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can share the same set of four quantum numbers. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity says electrons stay unpaired in equal-energy orbitals when possible. The order of filling follows the relative energies of the subshells. A common sequence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, and so on.

chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds: Types and Strength

Chemical bonds help atoms reach a full valence shell like the nearest noble gas. The main bond types are ionic, covalent, and metallic. Bond energy and bond length also help explain how strong a bond is. An ionic bond forms from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. In many cases, one atom transfers electrons to another atom, and the ions form from that transfer. Ionic bonds have no defined direction because the attraction spreads evenly through three-dimensional space. A...

polar covalent bonds

Electronegativity in Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons unevenly. This happens in covalent bonds between atoms that have similar, but not identical, tendencies to attract electrons. Nonmetal atoms often make these bonds with other nonmetals. Hydrogen gas, H2, is a simple example of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms. A covalent bond begins when two atoms move close enough for their valence orbitals to overlap. In hydrogen, the 1s orbitals overlap and the single electrons on each atom...

lewis structures and formal charges

Lewis Structures, Bonds, and Formal Charge

Lewis structures show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonds and in polyatomic ions. Lewis symbols help draw these structures, and the periodic table helps predict how many valence electrons an atom has and how many bonds it can form to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, already have filled electron configurations. They rarely take part in chemical bonding. Atoms in group 17, such as bromine and iodine, need one more electron to reach an octet, so they can form...

vsepr theory

Molecular Shapes from Electron Pairs

Molecular shape can be predicted from the way electron pairs arrange around a central atom. Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, uses a Lewis structure to count bonding pairs and lone electron pairs. The main idea is simple: electron pairs spread out as far as possible to reduce repulsion. In a molecule, the valence electrons around the central atom can be bonding pairs or lone pairs. Bonding pairs are found mainly between bonded atoms. Lone pairs stay on one atom and...

molecular geometry and dipole moments

Predicting Shape and Molecular Polarity

Molecular shape and molecular polarity can be predicted with VSEPR theory and dipole moments. Start by writing the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion. Then count the electron groups around the central atom. Lone pairs and bonds both count as electron groups, and a single, double, or triple bond each counts as one region of electron density. Use that count to identify the electron-pair geometry. Next, use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure. If more than...

resonance and hybrid structures

Resonance in Nitrite and Carbonate Ions

Resonance explains why some Lewis structures do not match the measured properties of a molecule or ion. When two or more Lewis structures have the same atom arrangement, the real electron distribution is an average of the structures shown. The nitrite anion, NO2−, is one example. It can be drawn in two ways, with the N–O and N=O bonds in different places. If nitrite had one single bond and one double bond, the two bond lengths should be different, because a double bond is shorter and stronger...

valence bond theory and hybridized orbitals

valence-bond-theory-and-hybridized-orbitals

Covalent Bond Overlap and Orbital Hybridization

Covalent bonds form when orbitals on two atoms overlap and their single electrons pair up. The bond is stronger when the overlap is greater. Maximum overlap happens when the orbitals meet along a direct line between the two nuclei. A sigma bond, or σ bond, is the kind of covalent bond found in a single bond in a Lewis structure. In a σ bond, electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis. A pi bond, or π bond, forms when two p orbitals overlap side by side. In a π bond, the...

mo theory and covalent bonding

Bond Order and Molecular Orbitals

Molecular orbital theory explains how electrons are arranged in molecules. It treats electron regions in a molecule much like atomic orbitals in an atom. A molecular orbital is the region of space where a valence electron is most likely to be found. Molecular orbitals form through the linear combination of atomic orbitals, or LCAO. When atomic wave functions combine in phase, they create regions with high electron density. When they combine out of phase, they create nodes, or regions with no...

intermolecular forces and physical properties

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

How Intermolecular Forces Affect Matter

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, and they help explain how matter behaves. These forces influence melting points, boiling points, and whether substances mix with one another. Water has a much higher boiling point than hexane, which shows that water has stronger intermolecular forces. Three main kinds of intermolecular interactions are covered here. They include ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces, which include London dispersion...

solubility

Why Some Substances Dissolve in Water

Solution formation depends on how solutes and solvents interact. A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of a solvent, which is the larger part, and a solute, which is the smaller part. The physical state of a solution is usually the same as the solvent. Concentration is often described as dilute for a low amount of solute or concentrated for a high amount of solute. When a solute dissolves, its particles are surrounded by solvent species. This process is called solvation. If water is the...

introduction to functional groups

Functional Groups and Organic Molecules

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that appear within organic molecules. They are sometimes shown as "R." These groups sit along the carbon backbone of macromolecules, which can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups help functionalize a compound. That means they can give the molecule different physical and chemical properties. In organic chemistry, this change in group structure can strongly affect how a compound behaves. Common...

overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

Explore carbon-based organic compounds, from hydrocarbons to alcohols, and see how carbon structures and functional groups shape everyday materials.

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry spiega i concetti di base della stereochimica, delle reazioni e dei meccanismi usando video-lezioni concise e facili da capire. Inoltre, i video scientist-in-action dimostrano l'applicazione di tali concetti in esperimenti di ricerca classici e originali eseguiti al giorno d'oggi nei laboratori in tutto il mondo.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.12

SC.912.P.8.13

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Introduction to Functional Groups


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Functional Groups

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic ...

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


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Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like ...

Matter and Its Interactions: Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties. (P: 6, CC: 1, CI: PS1)

3 Developing possible explanations of phenomena or designing solutions to engineering problems
 3.2 Constructing explanations and designing solutions 
  3.2.2 Students will be able to use their understanding of scientific principles and the engineering design process to design solutions that meet established criteria and constraints.*  

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

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