Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

I gruppi funzionali sono atomi o gruppi di atomi all'interno di un composto organico che conferiscono proprietà chimiche distintive. 
Uno dei gruppi funzionali più importanti in chimica organica è il gruppo funzionale carbonilico, composto da un atomo di carbonio legato a doppio legame con l'ossigeno.
Due composti organici a base carbonilica strettamente correlati sono le aldeidi e i chetoni. Nelle aldeidi, il carbonio carbonilico è legato a un gruppo alchilico e a un atomo di idrogeno. L'eccezione è la formaldeide, in cui il carbonio carbonilico è legato a due idrogeni.
Nel frattempo, nei chetoni, l'atomo di carbonio carbonilico è legato ad altri due atomi di carbonio all'interno di uno scheletro di idrocarburi.
Il gruppo carbonilico fa parte di molti gruppi funzionali più grandi, come il gruppo carbossilico degli acidi carbossilici, che è composto da un gruppo ossidrilico legato al carbonio carbonilico.
I derivati funzionali degli acidi carbossilici includono gli esteri, in cui l'idrogeno del gruppo carbossilico è sostituito da un gruppo alchilico; le ammidi, in cui l'OH del gruppo carbossilico è sostituito da un'ammina; e i cloruri acilici, in cui l'OH è sostituito da un cloruro.
I legami multipli sono una caratteristica di altri gruppi funzionali, come il gruppo funzionale nitrile o ciano, con un atomo di carbonio triplo legato all'azoto.
Il benzene è un idrocarburo aromatico che viene spesso rappresentato come sei atomi di carbonio in un anello con legami singoli e doppi alternati. Il benzene meno un idrogeno funge da fenile, un gruppo funzionale. Un gruppo ossidrile attaccato all'anello aromatico a base di fenile forma un fenolo.
Un'ammina è un gruppo funzionale non contenente carbonio definito da un atomo di azoto elettronegativo con una coppia solitaria di elettroni legati singolarmente in una struttura di idrocarburi. Sono classificati come primari, secondari e terziari, a seconda del numero di atomi di carbonio legati all'azoto.
Allo stesso modo, un gruppo funzionale fosfato ha un atomo di fosforo legato covalentemente a quattro atomi di ossigeno. Fino a tre catene di idrocarburi possono essere attaccate agli atomi di ossigeno legati singolarmente al fosforo per ottenere organofosfati.

panoramica dei gruppi funzionali avanzati

I gruppi funzionali sono gruppi di atomi con proprietà chimiche specifiche che si trovano all'interno delle molecole organiche e sono talvolta indicati come "R". I gruppi funzionali possono “funzionalizzare” un composto consentendogli di adottare diverse proprietà fisiche e chimiche.

Tipologie di Gruppi Funzionali Avanzati

La tabella seguente riassume alcuni dei principali gruppi funzionali in chimica organica.

<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Classe dei Composti Organici</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Strutture scheletriche di composti con gruppi funzionali in rosso</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nomi dei composti</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Idrocarburo aromatico</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Benzene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Fenolo</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Fenolo (idrossibenzene)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aldeide</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Etanale (acetaldeide)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Chetone</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Cloruro acido o acilico</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Cloruro di acetile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acido carbossilico</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acido etanoico (acido acetico)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Estere</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetato di etile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ammina</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Etilammina</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ammide</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetammide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nitrile</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetonitrile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Fosfato</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Metile diidrogeno fosfato</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Questo testo è adattato da<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> e <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>

Panoramica dei gruppi funzionali avanzati


I gruppi funzionali sono gruppi di atomi con proprietà chimiche specifiche che si trovano all'interno di molecole organiche e sono talvolta indicati come "R". ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Chimica Organica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

Legame covalente e struttura

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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what is organic chemistry?

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overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

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Florida Department of Education

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Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.13

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Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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