Name: hormones in endocrine signaling
Uploaded: 2021-04-07T12:11:59.000Z
Duration: 1 min 52 s
Channel: JoVE

Endocrine signaling happens when cells located in different organs need to communicate, such as when the pituitary gland communicates with the kidneys. During this process, hormones, the signaling ligands, travel through the bloodstream to reach their target cells.For example, the pituitary gland signals the kidneys to reabsorb water from urine. It does this by releasing the hormone arginine vasopressin, or AVP, into the blood.As blood is filtered in the kidneys, AVP binds to its G protein-coupled receptor, AVPR2, on target renal cells.Upon activation by the hormone, the G protein subunits detach from the receptor and activate adenylate cyclase to make the second messenger, cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates an intracellular signaling cascade that involves protein kinase A, or PKA.PKA has two functions. First, it phosphorylates the aquaporin channel AQP2, which is held in reserve in cytoplasmic vesicles. This action brings the vesicles and channels to the cell membrane, allowing the flow of water back into the renal cells.Second, PKA phosphorylates the cAMP response element-binding protein, or CREB, in the nucleus. This causes CREB to bind to the regulatory elements of the aquaporin 2 gene and increase the production of aquaporin channels.So, endocrine signaling is a crucial step in osmoregulation and other functions where distant cell groups must communicate.

endocrine signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.

There are two types of endocrine receptors: cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors. Cell surface receptors work similarly to other membrane bound receptors. Hormones, the ligand, bind to a hormone specific G-protein coupled receptor. This initiates conformational changes in the receptor, releasing a subunit of the G-protein. The protein activates second messengers which internalize the message by triggering signaling cascades and transcription factors.

Many hormones work through cell surface receptors, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, prostaglandins, prolactin, and growth hormones.

Steroid hormones, like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, transmit signals using intracellular receptors. These hormones are small hydrophobic molecules so they move directly past the outer cell membrane. Once inside, and if that cell is a target cell, the hormone binds to its receptor. Binding creates a conformational change in the receptor which activates its potential as a transcription factor. Once activated, the receptor or hormone-receptor complex promote or suppress gene expression.

The intracellular hormone receptors are a large superfamily of receptors but they all have a similar single polypeptide chain with three distinct domains. The N-terminus is the active transcription factor domain. The middle contains a DNA binding domain specific for the gene of interest. And the hormone binds to a domain at the C-terminus.

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the ...

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JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Unit 2

Cell Signaling Pathways

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

hormones in endocrine signaling

Endocrine signaling uses hormones to send messages through the body. These signals travel through the bloodstream from one cell or gland to another target cell. The target cell responds only if it has the right receptor to detect the hormone.

This type of cell communication helps coordinate many body functions at a distance. Because the signal moves through the blood, the source and the target do not need to be close together. Endocrine signaling is a key way cells regulate activity in other tissues and organs.

Hormones in Endocrine Signaling

notch signaling pathway

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canonical wnt signaling pathway

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hedgehog signaling pathway

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NF-κB is a transcription factor that helps control immune defense and inflammation in animals. It was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore because of its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. Since then, researchers have shown that NF-κB regulates the expression of more than 100 genes. Many of the genes controlled by NF-κB support innate and adaptive immune responses. They also help drive inflammatory responses. In this way,...

internal receptors

Internal Receptors and Hormone Signals

Internal receptors are proteins inside a cell that bind signaling molecules. These receptors help certain hormones send messages after they pass through the cell membrane. Because the receptor is internal, the signal acts from within the cell rather than at the surface. Many internal receptors respond to steroid hormones. These hormones can cross the membrane and reach the receptor inside the cell. Once the hormone binds, the receptor can help trigger a response that changes cell activity. <br...

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what is cell signaling?

Cell Signaling in Cell Communication

Cell signaling is a key part of cell communication. It helps cells send, receive, and respond to signals so they can work together. A signal starts when a cell releases a molecule. Another cell detects that molecule with a receptor, which is a protein that binds the signal. This binding begins a signaling pathway inside the cell. The pathway carries the message through the cell in a process called signal transduction. In the end, the cell produces a response. That response can change cell...

autocrine signaling

Autocrine Cell Communication

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paracrine signaling

Local Cell Communication in Tissues

Paracrine signaling is a form of local cell communication in tissues. In this process, one cell releases chemical signals that affect nearby target cells. Because the signal stays close to where it is made, paracrine signaling helps cells coordinate responses within a limited area. These signals do not travel far through the body. Instead, they move through the space around neighboring cells and bind to specific receptors on target cells. This nearby action makes paracrine signaling different...

Endocrine signaling uses hormones to send messages through the body. These signals travel through the bloodstream from one cell or gland to another target cell. The target cell responds only if it has the right receptor to detect the hormone. This type of cell communication helps coordinate many body functions at a distance. Because the signal moves through the blood, the source and the target do not need to be close together. Endocrine signaling is a key way cells regulate activity in other...

what are second messengers?

Cell Signals and Second Messengers

Second messengers are small molecules that help cells pass along signals after a receptor is activated. They carry the message inside the cell and help start a response to the outside signal. This signaling step is important in cell communication. It helps the signal move from the cell membrane to targets deeper inside the cell. Second messengers make that relay possible and help the cell respond in a controlled way. Common second messengers include cyclic AMP, calcium ions, and inositol...

intracellular signaling cascades

Cell Signaling Cascades Inside Cells

Cell signaling cascades inside cells relay messages from one molecule to the next. These pathways help a cell respond to a signal in a controlled way. The signal is often carried through a series of steps, which can amplify the original message. A signaling cascade may involve a receptor at the cell surface and molecules inside the cell that pass the message along. Each step can trigger the next step in the chain. This makes the response specific and allows the cell to act on the signal at the...

g-protein coupled receptors

G-protein Receptors in Cell Signaling

G-protein coupled receptors help cells receive and pass along signals. These membrane receptors sit in the cell membrane and respond when a ligand binds to them. A ligand is a molecule that fits and attaches to a receptor. When a ligand binds, the receptor changes shape. That shape change activates a G protein inside the cell. The G protein then helps start the signal inside the cell. These receptors are important because they connect outside signals to inside responses. They are a major part...

enzyme-linked receptors

How Enzyme-Linked Receptors Signal

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non-canonical wnt signaling pathways

Wnt Pathways That Guide Cell Position

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key terms and concepts

Explore endocrine signaling through hormones, bloodstream transport, and target cells with the right receptors. Designed for high school biology.

Hormones in Endocrine Signaling | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Molecular Biology showcases the molecular processes of the cell through clear and concise animated video lessons. Additionally, in scientist-in-action videos, these concepts' application is demonstrated through real experiments in modern laboratories.

Hormones in Endocrine Signaling

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