Name: dna to protein: rna’s role
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:56.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

The Central Dogma

Il dogma centrale della biologia molecolare afferma che l'informazione codificata nel DNA viene trasferita all'RNA, che poi dirige la sintesi delle proteine sulla base di queste istruzioni.
In primo luogo, durante la trascrizione, il DNA viene utilizzato come modello per sintetizzare l'RNA messaggero o mRNA.
L'mRNA rappresenta una copia del filamento codificante del DNA, tranne per il fatto che le timine sono sostituite con uracili.
Successivamente, l'mRNA viene tradotto in una catena di amminoacidi da un ribosoma.
Qui, gruppi di tre nucleotidi sull'mRNA, noti anche come codoni, si legano a sequenze complementari o anticodoni sulle molecole di RNA o tRNA di trasferimento.
Ogni tRNA è attaccato a un particolare amminoacido, a seconda del codone specifico.
Ad esempio, il codone CCA si lega a un tRNA attaccato alla prolina, mentre l'AGC si lega a un tRNA attaccato alla serina.
In questo modo, il codice genetico specifica l'ordine degli amminoacidi nel polipeptide risultante, che viene ulteriormente elaborato per diventare una proteina funzionale.

il dogma centrale

Il dogma centrale spiega il flusso dell'informazione genetica dai nucleotidi del DNA alla sequenza aminoacidica delle proteine.

L’RNA è l’anello mancante tra DNA e proteine

Agli inizi del 1900, gli scienziati scoprirono che il DNA immagazzina tutte le informazioni necessarie per le funzioni cellulari e che le proteine svolgono la maggior parte di queste funzioni. Tuttavia, i meccanismi di conversione dell’informazione genetica in proteine funzionali sono rimasti sconosciuti per molti anni. Inizialmente, si credeva che un singolo gene venisse convertito direttamente nella sua proteina codificata. Due scoperte cruciali nelle cellule eucariotiche hanno messo in discussione questa teoria. Innanzitutto, la produzione di proteine non avviene nel nucleo. In secondo luogo, il DNA non è presente al di fuori del nucleo. Queste scoperte hanno dato il via alla ricerca di una molecola intermedia che colleghi il DNA con la produzione di proteine. Si è scoperto che questa molecola intermedia è RNA.

L'RNA viene sintetizzato nel nucleo utilizzando il DNA come modello. L'RNA appena sintetizzato è simile nella sequenza al filamento del DNA, tranne che la timina è sostituita dall'uracile. Negli eucarioti, questa trascrizione primaria viene ulteriormente elaborata, rimuovendo le regioni non codificanti della proteina, tappando l'estremità 5' e aggiungendo una coda poli-A 3', per creare mRNA maturo, che viene poi esportato nel citoplasma.

Il codice genetico è ridondante

Negli eucarioti le proteine vengono create da 20 aminoacidi. La combinazione di quattro nucleotidi in gruppi di tre fornisce 64 (43) possibili codoni. Ciò significa che più di un codone può codificare un singolo amminoacido. Pertanto, si dice che il codice genetico sia ridondante o degenerato. Spesso, ma non sempre, i codoni che specificano gli stessi amminoacidi differiscono solo nel terzo nucleotide della tripletta. Ad esempio, i codoni GUU, GUC, GUA e GUG rappresentano tutti l'amminoacido valina. Tuttavia, AUG è l'unico codone che rappresenta l'amminoacido metionina. Il codone AUG è anche il codone da cui inizia la sintesi proteica ed è quindi chiamato codone di inizio. La ridondanza nel sistema minimizza gli effetti dannosi delle mutazioni. Ad esempio, un'alterazione nella terza posizione del codone potrebbe non necessariamente modificare l'amminoacido codificato, senza causare quindi alcun cambiamento nella funzionalità della proteina.

Il codice genetico è universale

Con poche eccezioni, la maggior parte degli organismi procarioti ed eucariotici utilizzano lo stesso codice genetico per la sintesi proteica. Questa universalità del codice genetico ha consentito progressi nella ricerca scientifica nel campo dell’agricoltura e della medicina. Ad esempio, l’insulina umana può ora essere prodotta su larga scala dai batteri utilizzando la tecnologia del DNA ricombinante. La tecnologia del DNA ricombinante prevede l’utilizzo di materiale genetico proveniente da specie diverse. I geni che codificano per l'insulina umana vengono uniti al DNA batterico e inseriti in una cellula batterica. La cellula batterica esegue quindi la trascrizione e la traduzione per produrre la proteina dell’insulina umana, che può trattare il diabete nei pazienti.

Il dogma centrale

Il dogma centrale spiega il flusso di informazioni genetiche dai nucleotidi del DNA alla sequenza amminoacidica delle proteine.
L'RNA è l'anello mancante tra ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Cellule, genomi ed evoluzione

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

dna to protein: rna’s role

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein.

At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the nucleus, and DNA is not found outside the nucleus. That led scientists to look for an intermediate molecule that could connect DNA with protein production.

That molecule is RNA. RNA is made in the nucleus using DNA as a template. The new RNA strand is similar to the DNA sequence, except uracil replaces thymine. In eukaryotes, this first RNA copy is processed by removing protein-coding gaps, adding a 5' cap, and attaching a 3' poly-A tail. The finished messenger RNA, or mRNA, then leaves the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm.

The genetic code uses codons, which are three-nucleotide groups that specify amino acids. Because four nucleotides are read in triplets, there are 64 possible codons for 20 amino acids. This makes the genetic code redundant, or degenerate, because more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. Often these codons differ only at the third nucleotide. For example, GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG all code for valine. AUG is the only codon for methionine, and it also serves as the start codon for protein synthesis. Redundancy can reduce the effect of some mutations, especially when a change at the third base does not alter the amino acid.

The genetic code is also mostly universal. With a few exceptions, most prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same code to make proteins. This universality has made genetic research useful in medicine and agriculture. One important example is recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different species. Human insulin genes can be joined to bacterial DNA and put into a bacterial cell. The cell then carries out transcription and translation to make human insulin, which is used to treat diabetes.

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

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the central dogma

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein. At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the...

mutations

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types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Explore how RNA connects DNA to proteins, how codons work, and why the genetic code matters in mutation protection and recombinant insulin production.

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role | JoVE K12

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.P

3.1.9-12.Q

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-1

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

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Heredity

Cellular genetics

Mutations

Tennessee Academic Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.d

BIO.5

BIO.5.a

BIO.5.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.4

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.9

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

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Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

B-LS3-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

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