Name: vertical and horizontal gene transfer
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:42.000Z
Duration: 2 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity- Inheritance and Variation of Traits

LS.Bio.6.2

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Il trasferimento genetico avviene quando l'informazione genetica viene trasferita da un organismo all'altro. Esistono due tipi di trasferimento genetico:verticale e orizzontale. Il trasferimento genico verticale, il più comune dei due, è la trasmissione di informazioni genetiche da una generazione alla successiva.Il trasferimento genico verticale avviene in organismi che si riproducono sessualmente, trasferendo circa metà del DNA alla prole e in organismi che riproducono per via asessuata, dando vita a progenie geneticamente identiche. Il trasferimento genico orizzontale, al contrario, si verifica quando il materiale genetico di un organismo viene introdotto in un altro organismo della stessa generazione. Nel caso di alcune specie procariotiche, come i batteri, il trasferimento genico orizzontale può avvenire tra specie diverse.Il trasferimento genico orizzontale nei procarioti avviene attraverso tre meccanismi:trasformazione, trasduzione e coniugazione. Nella trasformazione, una cellula procariotica acquisisce il DNA nudo dall'ambiente. Durante la trasduzione, virus batteriofagi, ad esempio, degradano il DNA ospite.Piccole lunghezze del DNA ospite possono essere impacchettate nella progenie dei batteriofagi prima che la cellula ospite lisi. La progenie virale potrà così infettare altre cellule batteriche, diventando mediatori involontari della trasduzione. Nella coniugazione, il DNA viene trasferito direttamente da una cellula ad un'altra attraverso una struttura chiamata pilus sessuale.La coniugazione è una forma di accoppiamento per gli organismi che si riproducono in modo asessuale, ma non è vera riproduzione sessuale, perché non c'è scambio di gameti nè prole derivata. Ciascuno di questi meccanismi può essere osservato in natura ed ha applicazioni in laboratorio;la coniugazione, per esempio, può essere usata per transferire la resistenza antibiotica da un ceppo batterico ad un altro, risultando in ceppi che possono essere resistenti a più antibiotici.

<ol>
	<li>Arber W. Trasferimento genico orizzontale tra i batteri e il suo ruolo nell'evoluzione biologica. Life (Basilea). 2014; 4(2):217–224. Pubblicato il 16 maggio 2014. DOI:10.3390/life4020217</li>
	<li>Puigbò, Pere, Yuri I. Wolf e Eugene V. Koonin. "Cerca un 'albero della vita' nel boschetto della foresta filogenetica". Journal of Biology 8.6 (2009): 59.</li>
</ol>

tipi di trasferimento genetico tra organismi

Il trasferimento genetico avviene quando l’informazione genetica viene trasmessa da un organismo a un altro. Si ottiene attraverso due meccanismi: trasferimento genico verticale e trasferimento genico orizzontale. Il trasferimento genico verticale avviene quando l’informazione genetica viene trasferita da una generazione a quella successiva, cosa che avviene molto più frequentemente del trasferimento genico orizzontale. Sia la riproduzione sessuale che quella asessuata sono forme di trasferimento genico verticale, in cui uno o più organismi trasmettono parte del o tutto il loro genoma alla progenie. Inoltre, il trasferimento genico verticale avviene sia nelle specie procariotiche che eucariotiche.

Il trasferimento genico orizzontale si verifica quando l'informazione genetica viene trasmessa a un membro della stessa generazione e avviene più frequentemente nelle specie procariotiche. Mentre il trasferimento genico orizzontale tra specie è estremamente raro tra gli eucarioti, si verifica invece frequentemente nei procarioti. Il trasferimento genico orizzontale tra specie diverse è una fonte significativa di diversità genetica tra i procarioti.

La maggior parte delle specie procariotiche si riproducono asessualmente. Se da un lato ciò consenta una produzione più rapida della prole, dall’altro la progenie possiede una diversità genetica limitata. Il trasferimento genico orizzontale, quindi, svolge un ruolo vitale nell’introduzione della diversità genetica nei procarioti. Attraverso il trasferimento genico orizzontale, i procarioti possono condividere una piccola frazione del loro genoma con altri organismi, sia conspecifici (della stessa specie) che allospecifici (di specie diversa), nella stessa generazione. Molti scienziati ipotizzano che il trasferimento genico orizzontale e la mutazione siano le fonti più significative di variazione genetica nei procarioti. Pertanto, il trasferimento genico orizzontale fornisce parte della materia prima su cui agisce la selezione naturale.

Un esempio lampante di ciò è la comparsa di ceppi batterici resistenti agli antibiotici. I geni che conferiscono resistenza a un antibiotico possono essere trasferiti tra diverse specie e ceppi di batteri, conferendo ai batteri riceventi un vantaggio selettivo, come i ceppi resistenti alla penicillina di Neisseria gonorrhoeae, che causa la gonorrea. Su una scala ancora più ampia, alcune stime suggeriscono che almeno il 18% del genoma di E. coli sia stato acquisito tramite trasferimento genico orizzontale nel corso di milioni di anni di evoluzione.

Tipi di trasferimento genetico tra organismi

Il trasferimento genetico si verifica quando l'informazione genetica viene trasmessa da un organismo all'altro. Si verifica attraverso due meccanismi: trasferimento genico verticale e ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Cellule, genomi ed evoluzione

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

vertical and horizontal gene transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring.

Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things.

Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of reproduction. It can occur between unrelated organisms and helps explain how genes may spread in a population. Together, these transfer types show different paths that DNA can take between organisms.

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

Three Domains on the Tree of Life

The tree of life shows how living things are grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. This classification helps explain the major branches of life and how they are related. Bacteria and Archaea are both single-celled organisms, but they are not the same. Eukaryotes include organisms with more complex cells, such as plants, animals, and fungi. Together, these three domains give a broad picture of life on Earth. Understanding the tree of life helps students compare cell...

prokaryotic cells

How Prokaryotes Survive Without a Nucleus

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that live without a nucleus. They include the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include common microbes such as Salmonella and E. coli, while Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh places like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells still share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of single, circular DNA. Their cell parts float freely in the...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

Eukaryotic cells keep their organelles separate so each part can do a specific job. Organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by membranes. These membranes are selectively permeable, which means they control what enters and leaves. That control creates small internal environments with conditions suited to each organelle. These controlled spaces help organelles work more efficiently. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

eukaryotic evolution

How Eukaryotic Cells Became Complex

Eukaryotic cells became complex through a debated evolutionary path that likely involved endosymbiosis. The most accepted model is the endosymbiont theory, which explains how organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts may have entered an ancestral cell. Other ideas include the nucleus-first hypothesis, the mitochondria-first hypothesis, and the eukaryote-first hypothesis. The nucleus-first hypothesis says an ancestral prokaryote first formed a membrane around its DNA, creating the...

animal and plant cell structure

Plant vs Animal Cell Division and Specialization

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cytoplasm

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores chromosomal DNA and helps control what proteins a eukaryotic cell makes. It acts as the cell’s control center. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is different because it mainly supports functions specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged so the DNA is easy...

the dna helix

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

DNA is the genetic material that passes traits from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is made of two strands of nucleotides that twist into a spring-like double helix. The shape is not perfectly even. It also has repeating grooves called the major groove and the minor groove. The major groove forms where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart. This wider space gives DNA-binding proteins, including transcription factors, better access to the bases. The minor...

the central dogma

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein. At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the...

mutations

Mutations in DNA and Inherited Disease

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen on their own during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors. Scientists describe mutations in several ways, including whether they change the amino acid sequence of a protein, how much DNA they affect, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells. Some mutations are point mutations. A point mutation changes a single nucleotide in DNA. Other mutations are chromosomal alterations, which change the number...

genome size and the evolution of new genes

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Genome Size and Gene Evolution

Genome size and gene evolution are linked through changes in DNA sequence and genome structure. Some genes can arise from parts of the genome that were not coding before, while others come from changes to existing genes. These shifts help explain how new genetic material can appear over time. A genome is the full set of DNA in an organism. Its size can change as DNA is added, removed, or rearranged. The transcript highlights that genome size is not fixed, and that these changes can shape the...

gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common origin. They form when genes are copied and then change over time. These related genes can be found within the same genome. The video also connects gene families to homologous genes and orthologous genes. Homologous genes are genes with a shared evolutionary origin. Orthologous genes are homologous genes found in different species. Gene families help show how these relationships are used to study evolution and related gene functions.

gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Explore the two main ways genetic material moves between organisms: vertical gene transfer from parent to offspring and horizontal gene transfer between unrelated organisms.

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.Q

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

Biological Evolution: Unity And Diversity

HS-LS4-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Mutations

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.5

BIO.5.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS3-1.

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid daughter cells. In humans, each diploid cell contains 46 chromosomes, half from ...

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Crossing Over

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Nondisjunction

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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

Fertilization

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Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage ...

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of ...

Neurulation

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Cell Migration

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Determination

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Use models to explain how DNA is passed from parents to offspring through the processes of meiosis and fertilization in sexual reproduction.

LS.Bio.6.1

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

The DNA Replication Fork

Lagging Strand Synthesis

The Replisome

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template ...

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the ...

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before ...

Overview of DNA Repair

Base Excision Repair

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens&#8212;factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV ...

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the ...

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

Homologous Recombination

Gene Conversion

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Construct an explanation to summarize how inheritable genetic variations may result from: new genetic combinations in meiosis, mutations during replication, or mutations caused by environmental factors.

An Overview of Genetic Analysis

An organism&#8217;s physical traits, or phenotype, are a product of its genotype, which is the combination of alleles (gene variants) inherited from its ...

Genetic Crosses

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Punnett Squares

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
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Law of Independent Assortment

Chi-square Analysis

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Pedigree Analysis

Multiple Allele Traits

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel&#39;s work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid ...

Lethal Alleles

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Polygenic Traits

background-and-environment-affect-phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Use mathematics and computational thinking to predict the variation and distribution of expressed traits based on: Mendelian inheritance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked inheritance.

LS.Bio.7.1

Overview

A pedigree is a diagram displaying a family&#x2019;s history of a trait. Analyzing pedigrees can reveal (1) whether a trait is dominant or ...

Probability Laws

Overview

The probability of inheriting a trait can be calculated using the sum and product rules. The sum rule is used to calculate the probability of ...

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

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Analyze and interpret data to explain how polygenic traits result in a wide range of phenotypes.

LS.Bio.7.2

Pleiotropy

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Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature&mdash;in other words, by our genes&mdash;and by nurture, or our environment. For ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how traits result from interactions of genetic factors (multiple genes and/or alleles) and environmental factors.

LS.Bio.7.3

PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction

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DNA Gel Electrophoresis

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DNA Isolation

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Restriction Enzymes

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DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

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dna-isolation-and-restriction-enzyme-analysis

DNA Isolation and Restriction Enzyme Analysis

The revelation of DNA as the hereditary molecule in all organisms has led to enormous scientific and medical breakthroughs and significantly enhanced our ...

Analyze and interpret data to compare DNA samples.

LS.Bio.8.1

Understand genetic mechanisms for variation.

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

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