Name: buoyant force from fluid pressure
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:04:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

9-12.P.1.4

Archimedes' Principle

Consideriamo un oggetto a riposo, completamente immerso in un fluido. Sposta un volume uguale di fluido per occupare quello spazio.
Una forza di galleggiamento verso l'alto mantiene fermo l'oggetto.
Se l'oggetto viene rimosso dal fluido, lo spazio viene riempito dallo stesso volume di fluido precedentemente spostato da esso.
Questo volume di fluido è ora influenzato dalla stessa forza di galleggiamento che agiva in precedenza sull'oggetto. Poiché il volume del fluido è a riposo, la forza di galleggiamento è bilanciata dal suo peso.
Quindi, l'entità della forza di galleggiamento che agisce su un oggetto in un fluido è uguale al peso del fluido spostato da esso. Questo è noto come Principio di Archimede.
Matematicamente, la forza di galleggiamento è uguale al prodotto della massa del fluido spostato e dell'accelerazione dovuta alla gravità.
Utilizzando la relazione tra massa e densità, la forza di galleggiamento può anche essere rappresentata come il prodotto della densità del fluido, del volume del fluido spostato e dell'accelerazione dovuta alla gravità.

principio di archimede

Il principio di Archimede afferma che una forza di galleggiamento verso l'alto esercitata su un corpo che è immerso parzialmente o interamente in un fluido è uguale al peso del fluido da esso spostato. Per capire quanta forza di galleggiamento è necessaria per far si che un oggetto galleggi, pensiamo a cosa accade quando un oggetto sommerso viene rimosso da un fluido. Se l'oggetto non fosse stato nel fluido, lo spazio da esso occupato sarebbe stato riempito dal fluido avente un peso di wfl. Questo peso è sostenuto dal fluido circostante, quindi la forza di galleggiamento dev'essere uguale a wfl, il peso del fluido spostato dall'oggetto.

Questo principio prende il nome del matematico greco Archimede (ca. 287 – 212 a.C), il quale affermò questo principio molto prima che fossero ben stabiliti i concetti di forza. Il principio di Archimede si riferisce alla forza di galleggiamento che si verifica quando un corpo viene sommerso in un fluido, o parzialmente o totalmente. La forza che fornisce la pressione di un fluido agisce sul corpo, perpendicolarmente alla sua superficie. In altre parole, la forza causata dalla pressione al punto più basso è rivolta verso l'alto, mentre in alto, la forza causata dalla pressione è rivolta verso il basso: le forze causate dalla pressione ai lati puntano verso il corpo. Visto che la parte inferiore del corpo è ad una profondità maggiore rispetto alla parte superiore, la pressione nella parte inferiore del corpo è più alta che nella parte superiore. Pertanto, agisce sul corpo una forza netta verso l'alto. Questa forza verso l'alto è il galleggiamento.

Questo testo è adattato da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/14-4-archimedes-principle-and-buoyancy">Openstax, University Physics Volume 1, Section 14.4: Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy.</a>

Principio di Archimede

Il principio di Archimede afferma che una forza di galleggiamento verso l'alto esercitata su un corpo che è immerso parzialmente o interamente in un fluido è uguale alla ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Fisica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Fluid Mechanics

Meccanica dei Fluidi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

buoyant force from fluid pressure

Archimedes' principle explains buoyant force in a fluid. An upward buoyant force acts on an object that is partially or fully immersed in a fluid. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

To see why an object floats, imagine removing a submerged object from the fluid. The space it occupied would be filled by fluid with weight w_fl. That weight is supported by the surrounding fluid, so the buoyant force must match the weight of the displaced fluid.

The principle is named for the Greek mathematician Archimedes, who lived around 287 to 212 BCE. He stated the idea long before the modern concept of force was fully developed. The same principle applies whether the body is only partly submerged or completely under the fluid.

Fluid pressure creates the buoyant force. The pressure force acts perpendicular to the surface of the body. The force at the bottom points upward, while the force at the top points downward. Forces at the sides point inward.

Because the bottom of the body is deeper than the top, the pressure is greater lower down than higher up. This difference creates a net upward force on the object. That upward force is buoyancy.

Buoyant Force from Fluid Pressure

characteristics of fluids

Fluid Behavior Under Force

Fluid behavior under force differs from the behavior of solids. When a force acts parallel to the top surface of a solid, the solid resists it because of internal friction between its layers. This is called shearing resistance. If the force is removed, the shearing forces help the solid return to its original shape. Other deformation forces can also change the shape of a solid for a short time, as long as the force stays below a threshold magnitude. Solids usually keep their shape, which makes...

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density

Density, Floating, and Specific Gravity

Density helps explain why objects sink or float in a fluid. It is also useful for identifying a substance and for learning about its phase and substructure. The SI unit of density is kg/m3, and the cgs unit is g/cm3. Liquids and solids usually have densities that are roughly comparable. That matches the fact that their atoms are in close contact. Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids because their atoms are separated by large amounts of empty space. Density does not always...

pressure of fluids

Fluid Pressure in Everyday Life

Fluid pressure appears in many everyday situations, including blood pressure and weather systems. The same force can have a very different effect depending on the area it acts on. A force spread over 1 mm² creates 100 times more pressure than the same force spread over 1 cm². That is why a sharp needle can pierce skin with a small force, while the same force from a finger usually does not. Pressure is especially important when studying fluids. A fluid does not offer much resistance to a force...

variation of atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Atmospheric pressure and altitude are closely linked. As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This happens because the gravitational force per unit area becomes smaller as we move away from Earth’s surface. To describe this change, the atmosphere is treated with a constant air temperature at a given altitude. The ideal gas law of thermodynamics is also used as a good approximation for the air. Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at height y. The density ρ at y, the temperature T...

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pascal's law

Pascal’s Principle in Static Fluids

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application of pascal's law

Hydraulic Force Transfer with Pascal's Law

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archimedes' principle

Archimedes' principle explains buoyant force in a fluid. An upward buoyant force acts on an object that is partially or fully immersed in a fluid. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. To see why an object floats, imagine removing a submerged object from the fluid. The space it occupied would be filled by fluid with weight w_fl. That weight is supported by the surrounding fluid, so the buoyant force must match the weight of the displaced fluid. The principle...

density and archimedes' principle

How Buoyancy Depends on Density

Buoyancy and density explain why some objects float and others sink. A lump of clay sinks in water, but the same clay can float when it is shaped like a boat. The change in shape lets it displace more water, which increases the buoyant force even though its mass stays the same. The same idea applies to steel ships. An object with an average density lower than the surrounding fluid will float. The fluid has more mass in the same volume, so it has more weight. The buoyant force equals the weight...

accelerating fluids

Fluid Pressure in an Accelerating Elevator

Fluid pressure changes when a liquid accelerates inside a moving container. A beaker placed in an elevator that moves upward with constant acceleration is one example. In this setup, the pressure and buoyant force equations must be modified. To find the pressure difference, the liquid is modeled as a thin vertical cylinder with height h and an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS. Three vertical forces act on this small fluid element. The liquid below the bottom surface pushes upward, the...

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surface tension and surface energy

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excess pressure inside a drop and a bubble

excess-pressure-inside-a-drop-and-a-bubble

Surface Tension in Drops and Bubbles

Surface tension sets the pressure difference in small drops and bubbles. For a tiny liquid drop, gravity can be neglected, so the drop is treated as spherical. It can also be viewed as two equal hemispherical drops joined together by surface tension. The forces on the drop come from three sources. The liquid inside pushes outward, the air outside pushes inward, and surface tension acts along the diameter between the two hemispheres. Since surface tension is force per unit length, it creates a...

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buoyancy

Buoyant Force in Sinking and Floating

Buoyant force explains why objects float, sink, or stay suspended in a fluid. A fluid can be a liquid or a gas, and every object placed in it experiences this upward force. A metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. A submarine also changes its buoyancy to move up or down. The force comes from pressure changes in the fluid. Fluid pressure increases with depth because the weight of the fluid above also increases. That means the bottom of an object feels more pressure than the top. This...

contact angle

Wetting and Surface Curvature

Wetting and surface curvature describe how a liquid behaves where it meets a solid. When a solid is dipped into a liquid, the liquid surface can bend near the contact line. In some cases, the liquid rises along the solid. In others, the surface becomes convex or depressed near the solid. This behavior comes from cohesive and adhesive forces. Adhesive force is the attraction between molecules of different materials, such as a solid and a liquid. Cohesive force is the attraction between...

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rise of liquid in a capillary tube

Capillary Action in Thin Tubes

Capillary action explains why liquid can rise or fall in a very thin tube compared with the liquid around it. A capillary is a narrow cylindrical tube, and the effect becomes noticeable when it is dipped into a liquid. The movement happens because two forces act in opposite directions. Cohesive forces make liquid molecules stick to each other, so the liquid tends to hold together and form a rounded shape. Adhesive forces pull the liquid toward the walls of the container. In a narrow glass...

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laminar and turbulent flow

Fluid Motion Patterns in Air and Water

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equation of continuity

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bernoulli's equation

Fluid Pressure and Speed in Motion

Bernoulli's equation connects fluid pressure with fluid speed. It helps explain why moving fluids can create pressure changes in everyday situations. One example is when two trains pass each other quickly and seem to pull inward. The same effect can happen when two cars pass each other at high speed. As the air between the trains or cars speeds up, its pressure drops. The air on the outside stays at atmospheric pressure. That pressure difference creates a net inward force on the vehicles.

bernoulli's principle

Fluid Pressure and Speed Changes

Bernoulli's equation links fluid pressure and fluid speed in a static, incompressible fluid. For horizontal flow, where gravitational energy density stays constant, the equation is especially useful. In that setting, the result is known as Bernoulli's principle. Bernoulli's principle says that fluid pressure drops when speed increases, and pressure rises when speed decreases. This pressure-speed relationship helps explain how moving fluids behave in simple flow situations. It also provides a...

bernoulli's principle: applications

Bernoulli's Principle in Fluid Devices

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energy conservation and bernoulli's equation

energy-conservation-and-bernoulli-s-equation

Bernoulli’s Equation in Streamlined Flow

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viscosity

Viscosity and How Fluids Flow

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poiseuille's law and reynolds number

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Fluid resistance, viscosity, and flow regime shape how liquid moves through a horizontal tube. Fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure. The flow rate, Q, is the ratio of the pressure difference to the resistance in the tube. A larger pressure difference gives a higher flow rate. Poiseuille's law describes laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a tube. In this relation, the factors that affect flow rate except pressure are grouped into resistance. Resistance depends on the tube size...

stokes' law

Terminal Velocity in a Viscous Fluid

Viscous forces act like friction in a liquid. They resist the relative motion of molecules and pull back on a solid body moving through the fluid. The size of this force depends on the body’s shape and size, its speed, and the liquid’s viscosity, density, and temperature. For a spherical solid object, the force in a fluid is described by Stokes’ law. This law applies only at low Reynolds number, when the flow is laminar and not turbulent. Experiments show that the force is proportional to the...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how fluid pressure creates buoyancy and why the upward force on a submerged object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces.

Buoyant Force from Fluid Pressure | JoVE K12

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Buoyant Force from Fluid Pressure

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