Name: how the mitotic spindle guides cell division
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

The Mitotic Spindle

Il fuso mitotico separa i cromatidi fratelli e li sposta sui lati opposti della cellula durante l'anafase della mitosi.
Le strutture fondamentali del fuso mitotico sono cilindri cavi chiamati microtubuli. Due serie di microtubuli sono disposte alle estremità opposte, o poli, del fuso mitotico.
Ogni microtubulo ha un'estremità negativa e un'estremità positiva. Le estremità negative dei microtubuli si incontrano al centro dei poli del fuso. Le estremità positive si estendono verso l'esterno dai poli.
Esistono diversi tipi di microtubuli con posizioni e ruoli distinti nel fuso mitotico.
I microtubuli cinetocore legano i cromosomi al polo del fuso attaccandosi alle loro estremità positive ai cinetocori. I cinetocori sono grandi complessi proteici assemblati al centromero del cromatide, una sequenza di DNA specializzata che collega i cromatidi fratelli.
La disposizione dei microtubuli interpolari ricorda un paio di mani giunte. L'estremità positiva di un microtubulo interpolare si sovrappone all'estremità positiva di un altro microtubulo interpolare che si estende dal polo opposto. Le proteine motorie si associano ai microtubuli interpolari per dirigere l'assemblaggio del fuso.
I microtubuli astrali ancorano il fuso nella cellula. Questi microtubuli assomigliano collettivamente a uno starburst, con ogni estremità positiva che si proietta verso l'esterno dal polo del fuso alla corteccia cellulare.
Nella maggior parte delle cellule animali, i microtubuli sono organizzati attorno a un organello chiamato centrosoma. Un centrosoma è presente in ogni polo del fuso.
Un centrosoma è costituito da due centrioli circondati da una massa informe di proteine chiamata matrice pericentriolare. Il centrosoma produce, organizza e ancora i microtubuli nella cellula.
Due famiglie di proteine motrici sono parte integrante della costruzione e del funzionamento del fuso mitotico: le proteine correlate alla chinesina e la dineina. Tipicamente, le proteine correlate alla chinesina si muovono verso le estremità positive dei microtubuli e la dineina si sposta verso le estremità negative.
La polarità intrinseca del fuso mitotico e dei suoi microtubuli facilita la segregazione mitotica dei cromosomi, preparando la cellula alla divisione.

<ol>
	<li>Heald, Rebecca e Alexey Khodjakov. 2015. "Trent'anni di ricerca e cattura: la complessa semplicità dell'assemblaggio del fuso mitotico". Il giornale di biologia cellulare 211 (6): 1103–11. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510015">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510015</a>.</li>
	<li>Petry, Sabine. 2016. "Meccanismi di assemblaggio del fuso mitotico". Rassegna annuale di biochimica 85 (1): 659–83. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014528">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014528</a>.</li>
</ol>

il fuso mitotico

Il fuso mitotico — o apparato del fuso— è una struttura citoscheletrica eucariotica costituita da lunghe fibre proteiche chiamate microtubuli. Formato durante la divisione cellulare, il fuso separa i cromatidi fratelli e li sposta alle estremità opposte di una cellula parentale, dove i cromosomi ora individuali vengono distribuiti ai due nuclei delle cellule figlie.

La configurazione bipolare del fuso mitotico facilita la segregazione cromosomica, preparando la cellula alla divisione. Un meccanismo che garantisce la formazione del fuso mitotico bipolare si basa sui centrosomi.

Alcune cellule, come gli ovociti dei vertebrati e le cellule vegetali superiori, mancano di centrosomi; tuttavia, la maggior parte delle cellule animali ha due centrosomi quando entrano nella mitosi. Ciascun centrosoma è associato a una disposizione circolare di microtubuli sulle estremità opposte — o poli— del fuso mitotico. In altre parole, i centrosomi nucleano i microtubuli.

Le proteine motore — in particolare le chinesine e la dineina— operano tipicamente in corrispondenza o in prossimità delle estremità dei microtubuli e facilitano la formazione del fuso mitotico bipolare e la separazione dei cromatidi fratelli.

Ad esempio, i motori kinesin-5 nella zona centrale del fuso si attaccano e si allontanano da due microtubuli che si estendono dai poli opposti del fuso; questo processo promuove la bipolarità e l'allungamento del fuso allontanando i poli del fuso l'uno dall'altro.

Si ritiene che l'attività della chinesina-5 sia controbilanciata dalla chinesina-14. I motori Kinesin-14 tirano i microtubuli che si estendono dai poli opposti, unendo efficacemente i poli. L'attività coordinata di questi motori consente il corretto montaggio del fuso.

Kinesin-4 e kinesin-10 sono cromochinesine, kinesine che possono associarsi ai cromosomi mitotici. Kinesin-4 e kinesin-10 si associano ai bracci cromosomici, allontanando i cromosomi e il polo del fuso.

Le dineine organizzano i microtubuli in varie parti della cellula. Ad esempio, collegano i microtubuli astrali al citoscheletro di actina, allontanando i poli del fuso l'uno dall'altro.

La struttura, l'organizzazione e i componenti del fuso mitotico consentono ai cromatidi fratelli di separarsi, preparando la cellula per la corretta divisione.

Il fuso mitotico

Il fuso mitotico, o apparato del fuso, è una struttura citoscheletrica eucariotica costituita da lunghe fibre proteiche chiamate microtubuli. Formato...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Cell Division

Divisione cellulare

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how the mitotic spindle guides cell division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits.

The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes.

The mitotic spindle is a key part of mitosis, the process that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. By directing chromosome separation, it supports accurate cell division in growing and repairing tissues. Understanding the spindle helps explain how cells copy themselves with precision.

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

how-the-mitotic-spindle-guides-cell-division

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the mitotic spindle uses microtubules to line up and separate chromosomes during mitosis so each daughter cell gets the right genetic material.

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

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Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

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Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

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3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

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9-12.B.1.3

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Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-4.

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Centrosome Duplication

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3.1.9-12.P

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3.1.9-12.Q

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

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