Name: cytoplasmic content during cell division
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 33 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Il citoplasma di una cellula contiene molti organelli diversi. Ogni organello differisce per struttura, funzione e numero di copie; Pertanto, una cellula deve utilizzare strategie distinte per separare correttamente ogni tipo di organello nelle sue cellule figlie.
L'involucro nucleare e il reticolo endoplasmatico sono direttamente collegati e quindi la loro distribuzione alle cellule figlie è accoppiata.
Nella profase, l'involucro nucleare e le proteine associate si fondono con il reticolo endoplasmatico. Il reticolo endoplasmatico a forma di foglio si trasforma in una struttura tubolare e si riorganizza vicino alla corteccia cellulare durante la metafase.
Dopo la segregazione cromosomica, il reticolo endoplasmatico circonda i cromatidi fratelli e riforma l'involucro nucleare.
Nella mitosi, i mitocondri subiscono una fissione per produrre mitocondri frammentati che si diffondono in tutta la cellula.
Durante la divisione cellulare, si ritiene che questi mitocondri frammentati vengano distribuiti alle cellule figlie attraverso un processo stocastico o casuale e quindi subiscano la fusione per riacquistare la loro forma e dimensione.
Una singola copia del corpo del Golgi è presente nella cellula e la sua distribuzione uniforme è vitale per la sopravvivenza cellulare. Il corpo del Golgi si disassembla gradualmente prima di segregarsi nelle cellule figlie.
Il nastro del Golgi contenente cisterne impilate si scompone in più mini pile, che vengono poi ulteriormente smontate in vescicole.
In anafase, le vescicole del Golgi subiscono la fusione per formare cisterne, che poi vengono riimpilate. Quindi, i Golgis gemelli di piccole e grandi dimensioni si formano vicino al corpo medio e al centrosoma, rispettivamente, in telofase.
Infine, durante la citochinesi, i corpi gemelli più piccoli del Golgi si fondono con quelli più grandi per formare il singolo corpo del Golgi in ogni cellula figlia.
La divisione simmetrica si verifica nella maggior parte delle cellule in cui una cellula produce due cellule figlie identiche con lo stesso destino.
In alcune cellule, la divisione asimmetrica si verifica dove c'è un'eredità ineguale dei determinanti del destino cellulare, con conseguente produzione di cellule figlie non identiche.
Ad esempio, le cellule staminali possono subire una divisione cellulare asimmetrica per produrre una cellula figlia che si comporta come la cellula staminale madre, mentre l'altra cellula figlia può seguire un lignaggio cellulare diverso.

<ol>
	<li>Rabouille, Catherine e Eija Jokitalo. "Partizione dell'apparato di Golgi durante la divisione cellulare". Biologia molecolare della membrana 20, n. 2 (2003): 117-127.</li>
	<li>Yamano, Koji e Richard J. Youle. "Accoppiamento della divisione mitocondriale e cellulare". Nature cell biology 13, n. 9 (2011): 1026.</li>
	<li>McCullough, Simon e John Lucocq. "Posizionamento e partizione del reticolo endoplasmatico nelle cellule HeLa mitotiche". Giornale di anatomia 206, n. 5 (2005): 415-425.</li>
</ol>

distribuzione del contenuto citoplasmatico

La citocinesi segrega i cromosomi e gli organelli di una cellula nelle sue cellule figlie. Gli organelli si dividono e crescono prima della divisione cellulare, ma non possono essere sintetizzati de novo; pertanto, le cellule devono ricevere almeno una copia di ciascun organello per sopravvivere. Attualmente, molti dettagli su come sono distribuiti gli organelli non sono ancora del tutto chiariti.

Distribuzione dei determinanti citoplasmatici

Il citoplasma contiene vari organelli, oltre a sali, proteine e acqua. La distribuzione di piccoli organelli come perossisomi e lisosomi può essere spiegata dalla semplice diffusione. Poiché ogni cellula ha più copie di ciascun organello, le cellule figlie hanno un'alta probabilità di ricevere almeno una copia dell'organello. Tuttavia, la distribuzione di grandi organelli come l'ER o il cloroplasto richiede meccanismi conservati evolutivamente più complessi.

Recenti progressi nella distribuzione dei corpi di Golgi

L'apparato del Golgi si rompe quando le cellule entrano nella mitosi. Due possibili modelli possono spiegare la distribuzione dell'apparato del Golgi nelle cellule figlie. Secondo il primo modello, durante la profase, i tubuli di Golgi vengono tagliati e vengono rilasciati piccoli accumuli di Golgi. Questi sono ulteriormente frammentati in vescicole e tubuli. Questi cluster mitotici del Golgi (MGC) si disperdono nel citoplasma e si segregano nelle cellule in divisione durante l'anafase. I microtubuli del fuso guidano la distribuzione di MGC in modo ordinato. Il secondo modello ipotizza che le proteine e le membrane del Golgi vengano riassorbite nel RE all'inizio della mitosi, consentendo al Golgi di partizionarsi con il RE.

Recenti progressi nella distribuzione dei mitocondri

I mitocondri sono organelli fondamentali per la sopravvivenza e la crescita cellulare. Durante la mitosi, i mitocondri vengono divisi in frammenti più piccoli, che possono poi separarsi tra le cellule figlie. Una proteina conservata, DRP1, restringe la membrana mitocondriale esterna e provoca la fissione mitocondriale. La ciclina B-Cdk1 e Aurora-A, due chinasi mitotiche, regolano l'attivazione di DRP1.

Recenti progressi nella distribuzione del reticolo endoplasmatico

Il reticolo endoplasmatico interfase (ER) è una membrana continua che sintetizza le membrane per i corpi del Golgi, gli endolisosomi, le vescicole e la membrana plasmatica. Durante la mitosi, l'ER può subire frammentazione o rimanere come cisterne. Nelle cellule HeLa, l'ER è mantenuto come cisterne ed è limitato alla corteccia cellulare. L'ER è distribuito in modo non uniforme e le cisterne centrali sono associate al fuso. L'ER può essere legato alle pareti della corteccia della cellula mitotica prima di essere distribuito alle cellule figlie.

Distribuzione del contenuto citoplasmatico

La citocinesi segrega i cromosomi e gli organelli di una cellula nelle sue cellule figlie. Gli organelli si dividono e crescono prima della divisione cellulare, ma non possono essere ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Cell Division

Divisione cellulare

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

cytoplasmic content during cell division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function.

The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split.

The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the movement and sharing of cell material during the process. Understanding this step helps students see how one cell becomes two working cells.

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

determining the plane of cell division

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cytoplasmic content is distributed during cell division and how daughter cells receive the materials needed to keep functioning.

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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The Mitotic Spindle

Centrosome Duplication

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3.1.9-12.P

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3.1.9-12.Q

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

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