Name: how em waves transfer energy
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:46:34.000Z
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K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Waves and Their Applications

PS.PSc.8.2

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

La densità di energia corrispondente ai campi elettrici e magnetici di un'onda elettromagnetica è proporzionale al quadrato delle rispettive grandezze di campo.
Pertanto, la densità di energia totale è uguale alla somma della densità di energia di entrambi i campi. Utilizzando la relazione tra i campi, l'espressione per la densità di energia mostra che l'energia dovuta ai singoli campi è uguale e la densità di energia totale è il doppio della densità di energia dovuta a un singolo campo.
Ora, consideriamo un'area perpendicolare alla direzione della propagazione. È possibile determinare la distanza percorsa e l'energia che passa attraverso il volume in un piccolo intervallo dovuto al fronte d'onda.
 Da questo si può ottenere il flusso di energia per unità di area per unità di tempo, o il flusso di energia.
In generale, il flusso di energia è definito come il prodotto incrociato dei campi elettrici e magnetici. Questa quantità è nota come vettore di Poynting.
È diretto lungo la propagazione dell'onda elettromagnetica e la sua grandezza fornisce la velocità del flusso di energia.

<ol>
	<li>OpenStax. (2019). Fisica universitaria Vol. 2. [Versione web]. Estratto da <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/16-3-energy-carried-by-electromagnetic-waves">16.1 Equazioni di Maxwell e Onde Elettromagnetiche - Fisica Universitaria Volume 2 | OpenStax</a></li>
</ol>

energia trasportata dalle onde elettromagnetiche

Energia trasportata dalle onde elettromagnetiche

Chiunque abbia usato un forno a microonde sa che c'è energia nelle onde elettromagnetiche. A volte, questa energia è evidente, come nel calore del sole estivo. Altre volte, è sottile, come l'energia impercettibile dei raggi gamma, che possono distruggere le cellule viventi. Le onde elettromagnetiche portano energia in un sistema attraverso i loro campi elettrici e magnetici. Questi campi possono esercitare forze e spostare cariche nel sistema e, quindi, compiere lavoro su di esse. Tuttavia, c'è energia in un'onda elettromagnetica, sia che venga assorbita o meno. Una volta create, i campi trasportano energia lontano dalla sorgente. Se in seguito viene assorbita un po' di energia, le intensità dei campi vengono diminuite e tutto ciò che resta continua a viaggiare. È evidente che maggiore è la forza dei campi elettrici e magnetici, maggiore è il lavoro che possono compiere e maggiore è l'energia che l'onda elettromagnetica trasporta. Nelle onde elettromagnetiche, l'ampiezza è la massima intensità del campo elettrico e magnetico. L'energia dell'onda è determinata dall'ampiezza dell'onda. Per un'onda piana in movimento, la sua energia sarà la somma delle energie dei campi elettrico e magnetico costituenti. L'energia per unità di volume, o la densità di energia dell'onda elettromagnetica, è la somma della densità di energia del campo elettrico e della densità di energia del campo magnetico.

Utilizzando la relazione tra campi elettrici, campi magnetici e la velocità della luce, l'energia del campo magnetico può essere scritta in termini di densità di energia elettrica, e si scopre che sono uguali tra loro. Per un'onda elettromagnetica che viaggia lungo l'asse x, l'espressione per la densità di energia è,

<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13826/13826_figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 32px;" />

Questa densità di energia si muove con i campi elettrici e magnetici in modo simile alle onde stesse. Il tasso di trasporto del flusso di energia attraverso una superficie è definito da una quantità vettoriale <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13826/13826img1.png" style="text-align: center; height: 16px;" /> nota come vettore di Poynting. L'espressione per <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/13826/13826img1.png" style="text-align: center; height: 16px;" /> is given by 

<img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/13826/13826_figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 32px;" />

Energia trasportata dalle onde elettromagnetiche

Chiunque abbia usato un forno a microonde sa che c'è energia nelle onde elettromagnetiche. A volte, questa energia è evidente, come nel sole estivo ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Physics

Fisica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Electromagnetic Waves

Onde elettromagnetiche

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how em waves transfer energy

Electromagnetic waves transfer energy through their electric and magnetic fields. This energy can be easy to notice, like the warmth from the summer sun, or harder to feel, like the energy in gamma rays that can damage living cells.

The fields in an electromagnetic wave can exert forces on charges in a system. They can move those charges and do work on them. Even if a wave is not absorbed right away, it still carries energy away from its source.

If some of the wave energy is absorbed, the field strengths decrease. Any energy that remains continues to travel onward. The stronger the electric and magnetic fields are, the more work the wave can do and the more energy it carries.

The amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is the maximum strength of its electric and magnetic fields. For that reason, wave energy depends on amplitude. For a traveling plane wave, the total energy comes from both the electric field and the magnetic field.

The energy per unit volume is called energy density. For an electromagnetic wave, energy density is the sum of the electric field energy density and the magnetic field energy density. Using the link between electric fields, magnetic fields, and the speed of light, the magnetic part can be written in terms of the electric part, and the two are equal.

For a wave traveling along the x-axis, the energy density has a specific expression. This energy density moves with the electric and magnetic fields as the wave travels. The rate of energy flow through a surface is described by a vector called the Poynting vector.

How EM Waves Transfer Energy

electromagnetic waves

Maxwell’s Equations Behind EM Waves

Maxwell’s equations explain how electric and magnetic fields work together to create electromagnetic waves. James Clerk Maxwell brought together the ideas of Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and built a single theory of electromagnetism. Together with the Lorentz force law, his equations describe the laws of electricity and magnetism. A key part of Maxwell’s work is the symmetry in the equations. Faraday’s law shows that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. Maxwell added...

generating electromagnetic radiations

Hertz's Spark Gaps and Radio Waves

Heinrich Hertz used sparks and tuned circuits to show that electromagnetic waves could be produced in the lab. Starting in 1887, the German physicist ran experiments that confirmed electromagnetic waves exist and travel at the speed of light. Hertz built an alternating-current RLC circuit. RLC stands for resistor, inductor, and capacitor. The circuit was set to a known resonant frequency and connected to a loop of wire. High voltage across the gap in the loop created sparks. Those sparks gave...

the electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic Waves in Everyday Technology

Electromagnetic waves are grouped by wavelength and frequency. This set of waves is called the electromagnetic spectrum. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. Radio waves have wavelengths from millimeters to kilometers. They are often used for audio communication, such as radios. In many cases, they come from alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. Radio waves also carry AM and FM radio, cellular phone signals, and TV signals. <br...

electromagnetic wave equation

How Maxwell Linked Light to Waves

Maxwell's equations show how electric and magnetic fields behave in a vacuum, or empty space. They are written as differential equations and describe fields created by source charges, whether the charges are still or moving. These fields also act on a test charge, and its motion can be found with the right boundary conditions. The key question in empty space is what happens when there are no source charges. In the vacuum form of Maxwell's four equations, the first-order partial differential...

plane electromagnetic waves i

Transverse Fields in Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are made of electric and magnetic fields that move through space together. Maxwell's equations predict these waves, and they can travel in free space without a medium. The electric field acts on a stationary charge, while the magnetic field acts on a moving charge. For a wave traveling along the x-axis, the fields are written as Ey(x, t) and Bz(x, t). In free space, there are no free charges or currents, so the charge enclosed and current terms in Maxwell's equations are...

plane electromagnetic waves ii

Faraday’s Law in a Plane Wave

Faraday’s law can be used to link the electric and magnetic fields in a plane electromagnetic wave. Here, the wavefront moves in the x-direction at a constant speed. The goal is to show how the field strengths must be related for the wave to stay consistent with Faraday’s law. To apply the law, a rectangle of width a is placed with its area vector in the positive z-direction. The line integral is taken counterclockwise around the rectangle. One side lies outside the wavefront, so the electric...

propagation speed of electromagnetic waves

propagation-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves

Maxwell’s Equations and Light Speed

Electromagnetic waves follow Ampere’s law when there is no conduction current. A plane wavefront moves in the positive x-direction. To analyze it, a rectangle is placed in the xz-plane with its area vector pointing in the positive y-direction. The line integral around the rectangle is taken counterclockwise. The magnetic field is zero on some sides and perpendicular on others. It is parallel to one side, and that side gives a non-zero contribution to the integral. Because the left side of...

electromagnetic waves in matter

How Light Slows in Materials

Electromagnetic waves can travel through matter as well as through vacuum. Light is one example. It can move through air, water, or glass. When an electromagnetic wave passes through a dielectric medium, the equations that describe it change. In Ampere's law, the permittivity of free space, ε0, is replaced by the permittivity of the dielectric, ε. The vacuum permeability, μ0, is also replaced by the permeability of the medium, μ. The wave speed c in vacuum is then replaced by a lower speed, v,...

energy carried by electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic waves transfer energy through their electric and magnetic fields. This energy can be easy to notice, like the warmth from the summer sun, or harder to feel, like the energy in gamma rays that can damage living cells. The fields in an electromagnetic wave can exert forces on charges in a system. They can move those charges and do work on them. Even if a wave is not absorbed right away, it still carries energy away from its source. If some of the wave energy is absorbed, the...

intensity of electromagnetic waves

Poynting Vector and Light Intensity

The Poynting vector describes the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave. It tells how much energy passes through a unit area in a unit time at a specific moment. For a plane electromagnetic wave moving along the x-axis, the energy flux depends on the peak electric field E0 and the peak magnetic field B0. For high-frequency waves, the energy flux changes very quickly with time. Visible light has a frequency on the order of 10^14 Hz, so its energy flux varies too fast to track directly. Most...

momentum and radiation pressure

Radiation Pressure in Light and Comets

Radiation pressure is the force that electromagnetic waves can exert on matter. It appears because light carries momentum, so an object that absorbs a wave feels a push in the direction the wave travels. This same force helps explain why sunlight can affect small particles in space. Maxwell predicted radiation pressure, and Nichols and Hull confirmed it in 1903. They used a torsion balance with mirrors suspended from a fiber inside a glass container. When they shone light on one mirror, the...

radiation pressure: problem solving

Radiation Pressure in Light and Space

Radiation pressure is the push that light can exert on matter. When an electromagnetic wave is completely absorbed by a surface, its energy density is transferred as momentum to that surface. The rate of momentum transfer on a surface perpendicular to the wave gives the force, and the force per unit area is the radiation pressure. A perfectly absorbing surface receives this pressure directly from the incoming wave. If the surface is perfectly reflecting, such as a metal surface, and the light...

standing electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic Wave Reflection at Conductors

Electromagnetic waves can reflect from a conductor or a dielectric. When the reflected wave combines with the incoming wave, the result is a standing electromagnetic wave. This is similar to the standing waves formed on a stretched string. To see how this happens, consider a perfect conductor placed in the yz-plane. A linearly polarized electromagnetic wave moving in the negative x-direction strikes the surface. The electric field cannot have a component parallel to the surface of a perfect...

standing waves in a cavity

Electromagnetic Modes in a Microwave Cavity

Electromagnetic waves can form standing patterns inside a cavity. Household microwaves and lasers are common examples of this effect. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, they create a space where standing waves can exist. The cavity between the plates works like a stretched string fixed at x = 0 and x = L. The distance L must be an integer multiple of half a wavelength. The wavelengths that meet this condition have matching frequencies, and each frequency,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how electromagnetic waves carry energy through electric and magnetic fields, how amplitude affects energy, and how energy density and the Poynting vector describe flow.

How EM Waves Transfer Energy | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

PS.Phy.7.1

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Energy

3.2.9-12.P

Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

3.2.9-12.V

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-2

Waves And Their Applications In Technologies For Information Transfer

HS-PS4-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Energy And Waves

Waves

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

PS.7

PS.7.a

PH.5

PH.5.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.2.2 9P.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

HS-PS4-5

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.PS.2.2.e

9-12.P.3.7.c

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS4-3

HS-PS4-4

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.16

SC.912.P.10.18

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

PHYS.8

PHYS.8.B

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.E

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-5

P-PS4-3

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Earth’s Place in the Universe

E-ESS1-2.

Earth’s Systems

E-ESS2-2.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS7.

Types of Energy

SPS9.

Energy Transfer

SP4.

Travelling Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. ...

Wave Parameters

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Equations of Wave Motion

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Graphing the Wave Function

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Velocity and Acceleration of a Wave

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Speed of a Transverse Wave

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Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

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Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

Carry out investigations to explain the quantitative and qualitative relationships among wave frequency, wave velocity, wavelength, and wave energy.

PS.PSc.8.1

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his ...

Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Maxwell&#39;s equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose ...

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere&#39;s law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere&#39;s law is given as:


Consider a plane ...

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, ...

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a ...

Use models to compare the characteristics of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect ...

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at ...

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second ...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure ...

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two ...

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Use models to explain the wave interactions of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.

PS.PSc.8.3

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a ...

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Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. ...

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Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions ...

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how instruments that transmit and detect waves are used in everyday life.

PS.PSc.8.4

Analyze the nature of waves and their applications.

How EM Waves Transfer Energy

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