Name: cell signaling pathways and responses
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Overview of Cell Signaling

Le cellule utilizzano una varietà di meccanismi di segnalazione per coordinare i processi cellulari e comunicare con altre cellule. Una via di segnalazione viene avviata quando una molecola di segnalazione chiamata ligando si lega al suo recettore bersaglio.
La segnalazione paracrina si verifica quando un ligando secreto prende di mira le cellule vicine. Considerando che, la segnalazione autocrina si verifica quando il ligando prende di mira la stessa cellula che lo ha rilasciato.
In una via di segnalazione juxtacrina o dipendente dal contatto, un ligando rimane legato alla superficie cellulare e interagisce direttamente con i recettori sulle cellule adiacenti. Piccoli ligandi solubili possono anche fluire direttamente tra le cellule attraverso giunzioni gap nella membrana plasmatica.
Gli organismi pluricellulari coordinano il comportamento cellulare su lunghe distanze. Nella segnalazione endocrina, gli ormoni viaggiano in diverse parti del corpo attraverso il flusso sanguigno.
La segnalazione sinaptica tra i neuroni è una forma specializzata di segnalazione a lungo raggio. Alla giunzione sinaptica, il terminale dell'assone di un neurone secerne ligandi chiamati neurotrasmettitori per comunicare con le cellule bersaglio.
Inoltre, il quorum sensing viene effettuato da alcune comunità batteriche per reagire insieme rilevando una concentrazione critica di ligandi di segnalazione.

panoramica sulla segnalazione cellulare

Nonostante la membrana protettiva che separa una cellula dall’ambiente, le cellule hanno bisogno della capacità di rilevare e rispondere ai cambiamenti ambientali. Inoltre, le cellule spesso hanno bisogno di comunicare tra loro. Gli organismi unicellulari e multicellulari utilizzano una varietà di meccanismi di segnalazione cellulare per comunicare con l'ambiente.

Le cellule rispondono a molti tipi di informazioni, spesso attraverso proteine recettrici posizionate sulla membrana. Ad esempio, le cellule della pelle rispondono e trasmettono informazioni tattili, mentre i fotorecettori nella retina possono rilevare la luce. La maggior parte delle cellule, tuttavia, si è evoluta per rispondere a segnali chimici, inclusi ormoni, neurotrasmettitori e molti altri tipi di molecole di segnalazione. Le cellule possono persino coordinare risposte diverse suscitate dalla stessa molecola di segnalazione.

Tipicamente, la segnalazione cellulare prevede tre fasi: (1) ricezione, (2) trasduzione e (3) risposta. Nella maggior parte della ricezione del segnale, una molecola impermeabile alla membrana, o ligando, provoca un cambiamento in un recettore di membrana; tuttavia, alcune molecole di segnalazione, come gli ormoni, possono attraversare la membrana per raggiungere i loro recettori interni. Il recettore di membrana può quindi inviare questo segnale a messaggeri intracellulari, trasducendo il messaggio in una risposta cellulare. Questa risposta intracellulare può includere cambiamenti nella trascrizione, traduzione, attivazione delle proteine e altre risposte.

Gli organismi unicellulari come i batteri possono utilizzare un tipo di segnalazione cellulare chiamata rilevamento del quorum per rilevare la loro concentrazione in una colonia e generare risposte coordinate. Le cellule eucariotiche possono rilasciare ligandi che prendono di mira la stessa cellula che ha prodotto il segnale (segnalazione autocrina) o le cellule vicine (segnalazione paracrina). I segnali possono essere inviati anche a lunghe distanze, come nel caso di alcuni ormoni, e produrre risposte in cellule distanti, chiamate segnalazioni endocrine. La segnalazione dipendente dal contatto descrive percorsi fisici creati tra cellule vicine attraverso le quali i segnali citoplasmatici possono passare rapidamente. Le cellule del sistema nervoso possono generare risposte rapide attraverso una specializzazione della segnalazione cellulare chiamata segnalazione sinaptica.

Panoramica sulla segnalazione cellulare

Nonostante la membrana protettiva che separa una cellula dall'ambiente, le cellule devono essere in grado di rilevare e rispondere ai cambiamenti ambientali. ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia e Fisiologia

Unit 1

Unità 1

Essential Cellular Processes

Processi cellulari essenziali

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

cell signaling pathways and responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell.

A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process.

Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes the signal along until the cell produces a response. That response may change how the cell behaves or how it functions.

Cell signaling is an important part of cell biology because it lets cells coordinate activities and respond to their environment. Understanding these pathways helps explain how cells communicate and why receptor-based signaling matters.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

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Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

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types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

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transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

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translation

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

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interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

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the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use signaling pathways, receptors, and responses to communicate and react to signals in this concise high school science overview.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

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HS-LS1-1.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

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