Name: plasma sources in atomic emission spectroscopy
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:32:16.000Z
Duration: 1 min 29 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.C

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

L'ICP è una delle sorgenti preferite per AES grazie alla sua elevata stabilità, al basso rumore e all'assenza di interferenze in condizioni sperimentali accurate.
Di solito analizza campioni di soluzione. Inoltre, i campioni solidi vengono analizzati direttamente tramite vaporizzazione elettrotermica o ablazione laser e scintille.
La spettrometria di emissione al plasma è in grado di identificare e quantificare qualitativamente circa 60 elementi della tavola periodica.
Tuttavia, elementi come il boro, il carbonio, l'azoto, il fosforo e lo zolfo richiedono uno spettrometro a vuoto perché le loro linee di emissione scendono al di sotto di 180 nm, introducendo interferenze dai componenti atmosferici.
La rivelazione di metalli alcalini pone sfide a causa di condizioni operative inadeguate e delle loro linee di emissione nel vicino infrarosso.
Nella spettroscopia di emissione al plasma, le curve di calibrazione sono grafici lineari di segnali elettrici proporzionali all'intensità della linea rispetto alla concentrazione dell'analita.
Per l'analisi quantitativa, vengono comunemente utilizzati standard esterni o interni, con linee di emissione e interferenze chimiche simili a quelle dell'analita.
Tuttavia, gli standard interni sono preferiti quando fattori come la temperatura della sorgente di eccitazione e l'efficienza dell'atomizzazione influenzano l'intensità dell'emissione in modo incontrollabile.

spettroscopia di emissione atomica: laboratorio

La Spettroscopia di emissione atomica (AES) è una potente tecnica analitica, particolarmente efficace se usata con sorgenti al plasma, e produce degli spettri abbondanti in linee di emissione caratteristiche. In particolare, il plasma ad accoppiamento induttivo (ICP) produce dei dati analitici quantitativi superiori grazie alla sua elevata stabilità, al basso rumore, al basso fondo e alle interferenze minime in condizioni sperimentali ottimali. Tuttavia, delle nuove sorgenti a microonde ad aria stanno emergendo come alternative promettenti che potrebbero essere più convenienti rispetto alle sorgenti ICP convenzionali. L'AES viene usata  principalmente per analizzare campioni liquidi. Tuttavia, l'emissione al plasma consente anche l'analisi diretta dei campioni solidi, che può essere ottenuta tramite varie procedure come la vaporizzazione elettrotermica, l'ablazione laser, la scintilla e la vaporizzazione a scarica luminescente.

In teoria, tutti gli elementi metallici possono essere determinati mediante la spettrometria di emissione al plasma. L'efficacia di questo metodo per i metalli alcalini è limitata a causa delle difficili condizioni operative e del posizionamento delle loro linee spettrali prominenti nella regione del vicino infrarosso. Questo può portare a dei problemi di rilevamento in molti spettrometri al plasma progettati principalmente per la radiazione ultravioletta. Di conseguenza, la spettroscopia di emissione al plasma, generalmente, è limitata alla determinazione di circa 60 elementi. La maggior parte degli elementi presenta diverse linee prominenti adatte all'identificazione e alla quantificazione. Quindi, è in genere possibile identificare una linea adatta per determinare qualsiasi elemento. La scelta della linea dipende dalla valutazione di quali altri elementi potrebbero essere presenti nel campione. La potenziale sovrapposizione delle linee di altri elementi deve essere evitata durante la selezione della linea per l'elemento di interesse.

Le sorgenti al plasma spesso producono delle curve di calibrazione lineari, ma possono verificarsi delle deviazioni dalla linearità dovute a fattori come l’autoassorbimento, le correzioni di fondo errate, la ionizzazione e le risposte non lineari dei sistemi di rilevamento. Quando possibile, le analisi quantitative sono meglio condotte usando degli standard esterni. Tuttavia, molti parametri possono influenzare significativamente l'intensità di emissione, tra cui la temperatura della sorgente di eccitazione e l'efficienza di atomizzazione. Nei casi in cui le variazioni nei parametri della sorgente sono difficili da controllare, è possibile usare degli standard interni.

Spettroscopia di emissione atomica: laboratorio

L'AES è una potente tecnica analitica, particolarmente efficace se utilizzata con sorgenti di plasma, che produce spettri abbondanti in linee di emissione caratteristiche. ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

Chimica Analitica

Unit 1

Unità 1

Atomic Spectroscopy

Spettroscopia atomica

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

plasma sources in atomic emission spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences.

Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic emission spectroscopy is mainly used for liquid samples, but plasma emission can also be used for solid samples. Direct solid analysis can be done with electrothermal vaporization, laser and spark ablation, or glow-discharge vaporization.

In theory, plasma emission spectrometry can determine all metallic elements. In practice, its use for alkali metals is limited. Their strong spectral lines are in the near-infrared region, which can be hard to detect in many instruments made mainly for ultraviolet light. Because of this, plasma emission spectroscopy is usually used for about 60 elements.

Most elements have several strong lines that can help with both identification and measurement. A good line is usually chosen by checking overlap with lines from other elements in the sample. Plasma sources often give linear calibration curves, but some curves can deviate from linearity. This can happen because of self-absorption, background correction errors, ionization, or detector response problems.

When possible, quantitative analysis is best done with external standards. These are known samples used to compare emission intensity. Emission intensity can also change with source temperature and atomization efficiency, which is how well a sample turns into atoms. When source conditions are hard to keep constant, internal standards can help improve the measurement.

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

plasma-sources-in-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence

atomic-spectroscopy-absorption-emission-and-fluorescence

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample...

atomic spectroscopy: effects of temperature

atomic-spectroscopy-effects-of-temperature

How Heat Changes Atomic Spectra

Heat changes atomic spectra by affecting atomization, excitation, ionization, and line shape. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization means converting a sample into gas-phase atoms and ions. The flame temperature needed for this step changes how efficiently the method works and shifts the balance between excited and ground-state atoms. At thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of excited and ground-state atoms can be estimated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A small temperature rise...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Metals

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures trace metals by tracking how atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The absorbed light makes atoms move to a higher-energy orbit. In AAS, the key step is atomization, which converts the sample into gas-phase atoms. A flame or a furnace is typically used for this step. Inside the flame, some atoms become thermally excited. Most stay in the ground state, which is the lowest-energy state. These ground-state gas-phase atoms absorb EMR only when...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Key Parts

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry uses a set of key parts to measure light absorbed by atoms. The main components are a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. Each part has a specific job in the instrument. The radiation source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp, or HCL, or an electrodeless-discharge lamp, or EDL. Both produce a narrow emission line at the needed wavelength. Some instruments instead use continuum sources with high-resolution monochromators to narrow...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: radiation and light sources

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-radiation-and-light-sources

Choosing Light Sources for AAS Measurements

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) uses a light source that emits a very narrow range of wavelengths. This is needed because the source must match the absorption behavior of the analyte atom. The choice of source also depends on giving a precise, intense emission at the right wavelength for accurate detection. Two common line sources in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless-discharge lamps (EDLs). These lamps are selected based on the element being analyzed and the level of...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: atomization methods

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-atomization-methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Sample Atomization

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses sample atomization to turn a liquid specimen into free atoms for analysis. The two main approaches are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization. Both methods prepare the sample so its atoms can be measured by the instrument. Flame atomization uses a nebulizer and spray chamber to mix the sample with a fuel-oxidant mixture. This creates a fine aerosol mist that enters the burner. The fuel and oxidant are usually close to a stoichiometric ratio, but a...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: interference

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-interference

Correcting Errors in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy interference can create systematic error by making the analytical signal or the background look stronger or weaker than it should be. In atomic absorption measurements, these errors are usually grouped as spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference. Spectral interference happens when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, the substance being measured. This overlap can falsely raise or hide the analyte...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: lab

AAS Sample Prep and Calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) depends on careful sample preparation and calibration. Samples must be turned into clear solutions before measurement. That often means extra treatment to dissolve materials such as soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common sample prep methods include hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, and fusion with reagents. These steps help make the sample suitable for AAS analysis. Solutions that contain organic...

atomic emission spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there. AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers,...

atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-instrumentation

AES Sample Handling and Detection

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) uses sample handling, atomization, and detection parts to measure emitted light from atoms and ions. The sample must first be changed into a gas-phase form so it can produce a measurable signal. AES uses two main atomizer types. Continuous atomizers, such as flames and plasmas, feed the sample in a steady stream. Discrete atomizers add one sample at a time with syringes or autosamplers. The electrothermal atomizer is the most common discrete type. Many...

atomic emission spectroscopy: interference

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-interference

Reducing Interference in AES Signals

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) can produce interfering signals when atoms and molecules in a flame or plasma emit overlapping light. High-temperature atomizers excite many species at once, including oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products. These extra emissions can make the analyte signal harder to read. Spectral interference happens when emission lines or bands overlap. One way to reduce it is to improve instrument resolution. Another is to choose a different emission line for...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: principle

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy-principle

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis. The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

ICP-AES Instrument Types and Detection

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, uses an inductively coupled plasma to detect and analyze elements in a sample. The method measures the light given off by atoms, which helps identify and compare different elements. It is a common approach in atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-AES instruments are built in three main forms: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments. Fourier transform designs are less commonly used, but they are...

atomic emission spectroscopy: lab

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences. Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic...

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Measuring Elements by Atomic Fluorescence

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures elements by detecting the light atoms give off after they are excited by electromagnetic radiation. The atoms are first placed in a flame, furnace, or plasma. They absorb energy, become excited, and then release that energy as they return to their original state. The emitted light is called fluorescence. The fluorescence is observed at a right angle to the incoming beam. This setup helps separate the emitted light from the light used to excite the...

flame photometry: overview

Flame Emission Spectrometry Basics

Flame emission spectrometry uses a flame to excite elements in a sample so their light can be measured. It is also called flame photometry. The method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The idea became established in the early 1860s when Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that specific elements give off characteristic radiation in a flame. The first instrument for this purpose measured sodium in plant ash with a Bunsen flame. A major problem was how to add the...

flame photometry: lab

Flame Photometry and Metal Detection

Flame photometry is a method for detecting metals by measuring the light they emit in a flame. A solution such as potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame. The solvent evaporates first. The remaining salt becomes dehydrated and then dissociates into free gaseous atoms in the ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame and move to an excited state. When they return to the ground state, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths. These emissions are very narrow...

key terms and concepts

Learn how plasma sources improve atomic emission spectroscopy, from ICP analysis to solid sample methods, calibration, and internal standards.

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

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Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

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Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-2

Chemistry

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Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

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PHYS.8.F

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

C-PS4-4

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The Principle of Superposition and the Gravitational Field

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Nuclear Stability

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun's core to release energy in the form of radiation.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the energy transfer mechanisms that allow energy from nuclear fusion in the sun's core to reach Earth.  Examples of evidence for the model include observations of the masses and lifetimes of other stars, as well as the ways that the sun's radiation varies due to sudden solar flares ("space weather"), the 11-year sunspot cycle, and non-cyclic variations over centuries.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the sun's nuclear fusion.

3.3.9-12.A

Emission Spectra

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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Metal Flame Emission

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the astronomical evidence of the red shift of light from galaxies as an indication that the universe is currently expanding, the cosmic microwave background as the remnant radiation from the Big Bang, and the observed composition of ordinary matter of the universe, primarily found in stars and interstellar gases (from the spectra of electromagnetic radiation from stars), which matches that predicted by the Big Bang theory (3/4 hydrogen and 1/4 helium).  Assessment Boundary:

3.3.9-12.B

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Flame Photometry: Overview

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Students who demonstrate understanding can communicate scientific ideas about the way stars, over their life cycle, produce elements.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the way nucleosynthesis, and therefore the different elements created, varies as a function of the mass of a star and the stage of its lifetime.  Assessment Boundary: Details of the many different nucleosynthesis pathways for stars of differing masses are not assessed.

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3.3.9-12.D

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

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