9.5: Obbedienza

According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation, obedience describes the submission of a request or demand with low protest or resistance.

Experimental Study on Nurse and Physician Relationships

A field study led by Hofling (1966) examined differences between written and genuine reactions to scenarios involving obvious hospital violations enacted by a doctor. Would nurses comply to a doctor’s phoned request to dispense an unfamiliar drug at a dosage that exceeded amount restrictions on a warning label? As expected, all participants in the questionnaire condition reported that they would not give the medication. Yet in the field study condition, 21 out of 22 nurses administered the drug as directed with minimal hesitation. They later reported negative feelings of embarrassment, mild anxiety and guilt during post interviews.

Inconsistencies found between questionnaire reactions and authentic responses suggest that we may overstate our ability to overcome perceived pressures from others when placed in similar situations. Nurses under the questionnaire condition and several of the investigators in the Hofling study (1966) did not expect many nurses to comply. Of note, later replications of Milgram’s highly publicized research findings on obedience strongly suggest that awareness of forces underlying social pressures does not necessarily reduce people’s tendency to comply to authority under actual situations (See Bocchiaro & Zamperini, 2012).

Overcoming Compliance

Compliance may be strengthened by workplace conditions that undermine the skills, knowledge, and a sense of purpose nurses receive in their formal education. A replication of the Hofling’s study (1966) revealed that the opportunity to discuss decisions with others successfully reduced compliance (Rank & Jacobsen, 1977). A separate study concluded that an increased sense of personal responsibility distinguished non-compliant from compliant nurses (Krackow & Blass, 1995). However, a sense of duty to challenge questionable practices may not overcome the need for acceptance by their team (Levett-Jones & Lathlean, 2009). A work climate that lessens inhibitions from exercising sound judgements is thus vital to optimal patient care and safety.

Can you think of other situations in which compliance to dubious requests may place others in great danger? How do you think you would respond? Are you sure?

A volte, le persone sono disposte ad andare contro i loro standard personali e a obbedire a comandi che possono causare danni. Questa forma di influenza sociale è chiamata obbedienza, ovvero seguire ordini o richieste da figure di autorità percepite.

Ad esempio, durante uno studio sul campo originale – in un ambiente ospedaliero naturale – un presunto medico, in questo caso l'autorità, ha ordinato agli infermieri per telefono di somministrare un farmaco "sconosciuto", uno che non era nell'elenco ufficialmente approvato e che superava la dose giornaliera massima sicura. In realtà, il farmaco era un placebo.

Gli infermieri – almeno il 95% di loro – hanno proceduto a onorare gli ordini del "dottore", anche se era contro il protocollo e così facendo avrebbe potuto portare alla morte del paziente.

È interessante notare che, nel gruppo di controllo, agli infermieri è stato semplicemente chiesto cosa avrebbero fatto in una situazione simile. La stessa percentuale, il 95%, ha dichiarato che NON obbedirà agli ordini impartiti.

Così, quando le persone si trovano nella situazione reale, possono agire contro il loro stesso giudizio.