27.1
Forza elettromotrice
La forza elettromotrice (FEM) è la forza che causa il flusso di corrente da un potenziale più alto a uno più basso. Il termine "forza elettromotrice"…
Alessandro Volta, inventore della pila, ha coniato il termine forza elettromotrice o f.e.m.
La f.e.m. non è una forza, ma piuttosto una differenza di potenziale tra i due terminali di una batteria.
La f.e.m., rappresentata dal simbolo epsilon, è la tensione massima che una batteria può erogare in un circuito aperto. È espresso in unità di volt.
Quando un filo è collegato tra i due terminali, l'emf spinge gli elettroni dal terminale negativo al terminale positivo.
La f.e.m. è definita come la quantità di lavoro svolto per spostare un'unità di carica tra i terminali.
In un circuito chiuso, la tensione misurata attraverso i terminali della batteria è definita come la sua tensione terminale, che è sempre inferiore al valore emf. Questo perché la batteria ha una resistenza interna r.
La tensione terminale è quindi la differenza tra la sua f.e.m. e la caduta di tensione attraverso la resistenza interna.
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Q1: Why is electromotive force called a force when it is not actually a force?
The term electromotive force is used for historical reasons, coined by Alessandro Volta, the inventor of the battery. Despite its name, emf is not a force but rather a potential difference between the two terminals of a battery. It represents the maximum voltage a battery can deliver in an open circuit, measured in volts.
Q2: What is the relationship between emf and terminal voltage in a battery?
Terminal voltage is the voltage measured across a battery's terminals when current flows through it, and it is always less than the emf. This difference occurs because the battery has internal resistance. Terminal voltage equals the emf minus the voltage drop across the internal resistance, which increases as the battery depletes.
Q3: How does a battery function as a charge pump in a circuit?
An emf source functions as a charge pump, moving negative charges from the positive terminal to the negative terminal to maintain the potential difference. Work must be done on these charges against the electric field, requiring energy from chemical reactions in the battery. This process raises the charges' potential energy and maintains the high potential at the positive terminal.
Q4: What are examples of devices that produce electromotive force?
Examples of emf sources include batteries, electric generators, solar cells, thermocouples, and fuel cells. All these sources transform energy of some kind—mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other forms—into electric potential energy and send it to the circuit. This energy transformation is essential for maintaining current flow in any circuit.
Q5: How is electromotive force defined in terms of work and charge?
Electromotive force is defined as the amount of work done to move a unit charge across the terminals of a battery. When there is no current flowing, the emf equals the work done on the charge per unit charge. Its unit is the volt, derived from joules of work divided by coulombs of charge.
Q6: What causes the internal resistance of a battery to increase over time?
Internal resistance generally increases as a battery is depleted due to oxidation of the plates or reduction of the acidity of the electrolyte. This increase in internal resistance causes a greater voltage drop across the battery's internal resistance, further reducing the terminal voltage available to the external circuit.
Q7: What happens to electron flow when a wire connects the terminals of a battery?
When a wire is connected between the two terminals, the emf pushes electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal through the external circuit. Simultaneously, the battery's internal charge pump moves negative charges from the positive terminal to the negative terminal internally, maintaining the potential difference needed for continuous current flow.