Risposta in frequenza

A transfer function in standard form integrates constant gain, zeros and poles at the origin, simple zeros and poles, and quadratic poles and zeros. These elements define how a system responds across different frequencies. The transfer function is derived by normalizing polynomial coefficients and expressed as H(ω) to characterize system behavior.

For positive constant gain K, the magnitude is expressed as 20 log₁₀K in decibels with a phase angle of 0°, both constant across frequency. For negative K, magnitude remains unchanged but phase becomes ±180°. When K equals 1, magnitude becomes zero decibels with zero phase angle.

A zero at the origin produces a magnitude plot with a positive slope of 20 dB/decade and a constant phase angle of 90°. The magnitude increases linearly with frequency on a logarithmic scale. This contrasts with poles at the origin, which produce negative slopes and phase shifts.

When multiple poles or zeros exist at the origin, the magnitude plot slope and phase shift are multiplied by the number present. For example, two poles at the origin produce a slope of -40 dB/decade and phase shift of -180°. This scaling relationship applies generally as (jω)ᴺ, where N is the integer count.

Poles and zeros are critical frequencies where the magnitude and phase of the system's output experience significant changes. They determine how the system responds at different frequencies. Understanding their locations and multiplicities is essential for predicting system stability and frequency response characteristics.

Bode plots for individual factors—constant gain, zeros, poles, and quadratic terms—are plotted separately then combined graphically. Each factor contributes its magnitude and phase response independently. The total system response is obtained by superimposing these individual contributions across the frequency range.

The decibel scale, expressed as 20 log₁₀K, compresses the wide range of magnitude values into a manageable linear representation. This logarithmic scaling makes it easier to visualize system behavior across multiple decades of frequency. It also simplifies the graphical combination of individual transfer function factors.