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11:24
A Time Differential Staining Technique Coupled with Full Bilateral Gill Denervation to Study Ionocytes in Fish
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Cited by 1 •
2015
This manuscript describes a protocol to track the re-distribution of branchial ionocytes and their innervation using a time differential staining technique coupled with full bilateral gill denervation.
09:30
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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Cited by 8 •
2016
Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.
09:13
Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
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Cited by 1 •
2020
This protocol presents a method to perform rheology characterization of mucus that resides on gill rakers (GRs) of the silver carp. Viscoelastic characteristics of GR-mucus, obtained by measuring viscosity, storage and loss moduli, are evaluated for the apparent yield stress to understand the filter feeding mechanism in GRs.
12:09
Methods for Intravenous Self Administration in a Mouse Model
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Cited by 35 •
2012
The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm is considered to be the gold standard in examining the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse in rodents. This manuscript outlines the experimental procedures and surgical techniques necessary to obtain reliable IVSA data. In particular, meticulous catheter implantation and maintenance are highlighted.
10:36
A Swine Model of Neonatal Asphyxia
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Cited by 50 •
2011
Large animal models have good translational values in the examination of physiology and pharmacology of neonatal asphyxia. Using newborn piglets, we develop an experimental protocol to simulate neonatal asphyxia which has advantages of studying the systemic and regional hemodynamics, oxygen transport with biochemical and pathologic pathways and correlations.
FAQs
The repeated 180° pulses rephase spins that have accumulated different phases because of magnetic-field inhomogeneity. This compensation makes the echo train more reliable for assessing transverse relaxation. By reducing the influence of some field imperfections, the sequence helps distinguish relaxation-related signal decay from signal changes caused by static differences in the magnetic field.
Echo amplitudes provide a time-dependent readout of transverse relaxation. As the train progresses, their decay reflects T2, while the refocusing pulses reduce the contribution from some magnetic-field inhomogeneity. This distinction allows researchers to characterize relaxation properties in tissues, fluids, and molecular samples rather than treating every signal loss as a field-uniformity problem.
Consistent pulse and echo timing makes measurements easier to compare across samples or imaging measurements. Because the sequence samples signal decay under a defined timing pattern, differences in the resulting relaxation behavior can be interpreted more systematically. This reproducibility supports quantitative imaging and improves comparisons between tissues, fluids, or laboratory samples.
A measurement begins with a 90° radiofrequency excitation, followed by repeated 180° refocusing pulses. The resulting spin echoes are recorded as a train, and their amplitudes are followed as they decay. Researchers then use this decay behavior to assess transverse relaxation and compare the relaxation properties of the measured material.
In medicine, CPMG-based measurements support MRI relaxometry, an approach that quantifies relaxation behavior in magnetic resonance data. The sequence can help characterize tissues and fluids and can reveal disease-related changes in their relaxation properties. Its reproducible timing also supports quantitative imaging, allowing measurements to be compared across regions or samples.
Laboratory NMR uses CPMG measurements to assess molecular mobility and composition through relaxation behavior. The echo train supplies a reproducible way to observe how a sample’s transverse signal changes over time. These measurements support characterization and comparison of molecular samples, complementing the medical use of the sequence for tissue and fluid analysis.