Genetic Disorders

Every organism is built from unique genetic instructions called genes, which guide how the body grows and functions.

When these instructions are abnormally altered due to DNA mutations, they can disrupt body processes, leading to serious health problems called genetic disorders.

Some genetic disorders are inherited from parents and are present from birth.

For example, cystic fibrosis causes thick mucus buildup in the lungs, making breathing difficult. Hemophilia prevents blood from clotting properly, and sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to change shape, reducing their oxygen-carrying capacity.

Other genetic disorders develop later in life due to environmental factors like smoking, pollution, or too much sun exposure. Cancer is a well-known example where mutated cells grow uncontrollably.

Even abnormal chromosomal numbers can result in genetic disorders. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of Chromosome 21. In Klinefelter syndrome, a male inherits an extra X chromosome.

For some genetic disorders, gene therapy is being explored to replace faulty genes with healthy ones.