バイアス

Biases are patterns of thinking that lead to errors in judgment, often influenced by emotions, intuition, and beliefs.

In a marketplace, each person making decisions seems rational at first. Yet, in the real world, decisions are often driven not just by logic but by emotions and biases.

There are many biases. 

Overconfidence bias is a common one that detours from rationality. For instance, many drivers believe they are above average in their driving skills, underestimating the likelihood of being involved in an accident, leading to riskier driving behaviors. 

Availability heuristic is a bias where a single emotionally charged story can hide a mountain of statistical evidence, leading to misjudgments. For example, a buyer reads numerous positive reviews about buying a second-hand car. Still, a single friend's negative story sways him.

Another bias is confirmation bias, where information is filtered through the lens of pre-existing beliefs. For instance, two groups interpret a study on capital punishment in opposite ways, each becoming firmer in their initial beliefs on further research.