キャッシュ・フロー計算書の作成

The cash flow statement divides into operating, investing, and financing activities. Operating activities adjust net income for non-cash items like depreciation and working capital changes, reflecting cash from daily operations. Investing activities show cash used for or gained from purchasing or selling long-term assets. Financing activities record cash flows related to debt, equity, and dividends.

Depreciation is a non-cash expense that reduces net income on the income statement but does not involve actual cash outflow. In the cash flow statement, depreciation is added back to net income during the operating activities section to show the true cash generated from operations. For example, if a business reports depreciation of twenty thousand dollars, this amount is added back to calculate actual operating cash flow.

Increases in inventory reduce operating cash flow because cash is tied up in inventory rather than available for operations. Conversely, decreases in inventory increase cash flow. For instance, if a business increases inventory by ten thousand dollars, this amount is subtracted from net income when calculating operating cash flow, reflecting the actual cash used to purchase additional inventory.

Equipment purchases are recorded under investing activities as cash outflows. These represent long-term asset acquisitions that use company cash. For example, if a bakery purchases a new oven for thirty thousand dollars, this amount appears as an investing activity outflow, separate from operating activities, showing how the business invests in its productive capacity.

The income statement records revenues and expenses on an accrual basis, while the cash flow statement focuses purely on actual cash movements. The cash flow statement provides a clearer view of liquidity by tracking when cash actually enters or leaves the business. This distinction is important because a profitable company on the income statement may still face cash shortages if cash collection is delayed.

The total cash flow shows the net increase or decrease in cash during a specific period, revealing the company's actual cash generation. A positive total cash flow indicates the business generated more cash than it spent, improving its liquidity position. This figure helps evaluate the company's ability to pay bills, invest in growth, and manage financial risk effectively.

Investors and lenders examine the cash flow statement to evaluate a company's true financial strength beyond income figures alone. The statement reveals whether a business can generate sufficient cash to meet obligations, fund operations, and invest in growth. Understanding cash flows helps assess financial risk and the company's ability to sustain operations and pay dividends or debt obligations.